PMID- 17550416
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20071127
LR  - 20131121
IS  - 1464-4096 (Print)
IS  - 1464-4096 (Linking)
VI  - 100
IP  - 4
DP  - 2007 Oct
TI  - Naturally produced crystals obtained from kidney stones are less injurious to 
      renal tubular epithelial cells than synthetic crystals.
PG  - 891-7
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the differences in cell responses to synthetic and 
      biological crystals of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and brushite MATERIALS AND METHODS: 
      Nephrolithiasis depends on crystal retention within the kidneys, often promoted 
      by crystal attachment to the injured renal epithelium; studies often use various 
      crystals that might be injurious to cells and cause the exposure of crystal 
      binding molecules on cell surfaces, thus promoting crystal attachment and 
      retention. The synthetic crystals used in these studies might be more injurious 
      than the biological crystals naturally produced in the kidneys and that form 
      kidney stones. We exposed the renal epithelial cell line NRK 52E in vitro to CaOx 
      or brushite crystals at 67 or 133 microg/cm(2) for 3 or 6 h. Synthetic crystals 
      were purchased and the biocrystals were obtained by pulverizing CaOx and brushite 
      stones. We determined the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hydrogen 
      peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and 8-isoprostane (8-IP), and monocyte chemoattractant 
      protein-1 (MCP-1), as markers of injury, oxidative stress and inflammation, 
      respectively. Cells were also examined after trypan blue staining to determine 
      their membrane integrity. We also examined crystals of CaOx by scanning electron 
      microscopy both in the native state as well as after decalcification. RESULTS: 
      Exposure to both the synthetic and biological crystals resulted in a significant 
      increase in LDH release and trypan blue staining, as a sign of crystal-induced 
      injury. There was increased production of H(2)O(2) and 8-IP, suggesting the 
      development of oxidative stress. In addition MCP-1 production was also 
      significantly increased. However, the synthetic crystals caused significantly 
      higher increases in all the indicators than the biological crystals. CONCLUSIONS: 
      These results indicate that even though both synthetic and naturally produced 
      biocrystals invoke a response from the renal epithelial cells, the latter are 
      significantly less injurious and inflammatory. Exposure to low concentrations of 
      these crystals alone might not invoke an inflammatory response, cause the 
      uncovering of crystal binding molecules on epithelial cell surfaces, and promote 
      crystal attachment and retention.
FAU - Escobar, Carla
AU  - Escobar C
AD  - Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 
      Florida, USA.
FAU - Byer, Karen J
AU  - Byer KJ
FAU - Khan, Saeed R
AU  - Khan SR
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 DK 065658/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
DEP - 20070606
PL  - England
TA  - BJU Int
JT  - BJU international
JID - 100886721
RN  - 0 (Calcium Phosphates)
RN  - 2612HC57YE (Calcium Oxalate)
RN  - O7TSZ97GEP (calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Calcium Oxalate/*adverse effects/pharmacology
MH  - Calcium Phosphates/adverse effects/pharmacology
MH  - Cells, Cultured
MH  - Humans
MH  - Kidney Calculi/*chemistry
MH  - Microscopy, Electron
MH  - Oxidative Stress/physiology
MH  - Rats
MH  - Urothelium/drug effects
EDAT- 2007/06/07 09:00
MHDA- 2007/12/06 09:00
CRDT- 2007/06/07 09:00
PHST- 2007/06/07 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/12/06 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2007/06/07 09:00 [entrez]
AID - BJU7002 [pii]
AID - 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07002.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - BJU Int. 2007 Oct;100(4):891-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07002.x. Epub 2007 
      Jun 6.