PMID- 17565417
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20121002
LR  - 20240414
IS  - 1614-0575 (Electronic)
IS  - 1613-6071 (Print)
IS  - 1613-6071 (Linking)
VI  - 4
IP  - 1
DP  - 2007 Spring
TI  - The Development and Application of HLA Tetramers in the Detection, 
      Characterization and Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
PG  - 56-61
AB  - Islet antigens are presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II 
      molecules and are recognized by CD8(+) and CD4(+) autoreactive T cells in type 1 
      diabetic individuals. Early identification of individuals at risk for the disease 
      by detection of these antigens and the autoreactive cells themselves is essential 
      for understanding pathogenesis and for intervention at an early stage to prevent 
      ongoing beta-cell destruction. However, the methods of identifying autoimmune 
      development at an early stage have appeared to be limited because of the 
      heterogeneity of the disease. The appearance of autoantibodies in preclinical 
      type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) does not follow specific patterns and depends on 
      patient characteristics such as age. Also, results obtained with cytokine assays 
      revealed that the number of islet antigen-responsive T cells present in the pool 
      of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of non-diabetic individuals is 
      highly variable and can be similar to that assayed in diabetics. Therefore, new 
      identification and detection methods are needed. In this context, the use of HLA 
      epitopes to generate stable HLA epitope tetramers has recently proved to be a 
      promising approach to the detection of autoreactive T cells in antigen-stimulated 
      PBMC cultures from diabetic and pre-diabetic subjects. HLA class II tetramers 
      have been found to be capable not only of detecting TCRalphabeta of different 
      avidities for a common ligand, e.g. GAD65(555-567(mimitope)), but also of 
      inducing apoptosis in lymphocytes with high TCRalphabeta avidity for this ligand. 
      This observation even opens up a potential application of HLA class II tetramers 
      as therapeutic agents for immune intervention in T1DM.
FAU - Chen, Hsin-Wei
AU  - Chen HW
AD  - Vaccine Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 
      Township, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
FAU - Liu, Shih-Jen
AU  - Liu SJ
FAU - Chong, Pele
AU  - Chong P
FAU - Sia, Charles
AU  - Sia C
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20070510
PL  - Singapore
TA  - Rev Diabet Stud
JT  - The review of diabetic studies : RDS
JID - 101227575
PMC - PMC1892519
EDAT- 2007/06/15 09:00
MHDA- 2007/06/15 09:01
PMCR- 2008/05/10
CRDT- 2007/06/15 09:00
PHST- 2007/06/15 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/06/15 09:01 [medline]
PHST- 2007/06/15 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2008/05/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1900/RDS.2007.4.56 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Rev Diabet Stud. 2007 Spring;4(1):56-61. doi: 10.1900/RDS.2007.4.56. Epub 2007 
      May 10.