PMID- 17585898
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20080318
LR  - 20071127
IS  - 0013-9351 (Print)
IS  - 0013-9351 (Linking)
VI  - 106
IP  - 1
DP  - 2008 Jan
TI  - Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sewage sludge and solid waste 
      landfill leachate and quantitative comparative analysis of sanitization 
      treatments on pathogen inactivation.
PG  - 27-33
AB  - Circulation of Cryptosporidum and Giardia in the environment can be facilitated 
      by spreading of sewage sludge on agricultural or livestock grazing lands or 
      depositing in landfills. Solid waste landfill leachate and sewage sludge samples 
      were quantitatively tested for C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts, and G. lamblia 
      cysts by the combined multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and 
      immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) method. Subsequently, the effects of four 
      sanitization treatments (i.e., ultrasound and microwave energy disintegrations, 
      and quicklime and top-soil stabilization) on inactivation of these pathogens were 
      determined. The landfill leachate samples were positive for Giardia, and sewage 
      sludge samples for both Cryptosporididium and Giardia. The overall concentration 
      of G. lamblia cysts (mean; 24.2/g) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the 
      concentration of C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts (mean; 14.0/g). Sonication 
      reduced the load of G. lamblia cysts to non-detectable levels in 12 of 21 samples 
      (57.1%), and in 5 of 6 samples (83.3%) for C. parvum and C. hominis. Quicklime 
      stabilization treatment was 100% effective in inactivation of Cryptosporidium and 
      Giardia, and microwave energy disintegration lacked the efficacy. Top-soil 
      stabilization treatment reduced gradually the load of both pathogens which was 
      consistent with the serial dilution of sewage sludge with the soil substrate. 
      This study demonstrated that sewage sludge and landfill leachate contained high 
      numbers of potentially viable, human-virulent species of Cryptosporidium and 
      Giardia, and that sonication and quicklime stabilization were the most effective 
      treatments for sanitization of sewage sludge and solid waste landfill leachates.
FAU - Graczyk, Thaddeus K
AU  - Graczyk TK
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Environmental Health 
      Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 
      21205, USA. tgraczyk@jhsph.edu
FAU - Kacprzak, Malgorzata
AU  - Kacprzak M
FAU - Neczaj, Ewa
AU  - Neczaj E
FAU - Tamang, Leena
AU  - Tamang L
FAU - Graczyk, Halshka
AU  - Graczyk H
FAU - Lucy, Frances E
AU  - Lucy FE
FAU - Girouard, Autumn S
AU  - Girouard AS
LA  - eng
GR  - P30 ES03819/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20070621
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Res
JT  - Environmental research
JID - 0147621
RN  - 0 (Sewage)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cryptosporidium/growth & development/*isolation & purification
MH  - Giardia/growth & development/*isolation & purification
MH  - Microwaves
MH  - *Refuse Disposal
MH  - Sanitary Engineering/methods
MH  - Sewage/*parasitology
MH  - Sonication
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
EDAT- 2007/06/26 09:00
MHDA- 2008/03/19 09:00
CRDT- 2007/06/26 09:00
PHST- 2007/01/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2007/05/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2007/05/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2007/06/26 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2008/03/19 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2007/06/26 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0013-9351(07)00117-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envres.2007.05.005 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Res. 2008 Jan;106(1):27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.05.005. Epub 2007 
      Jun 21.