PMID- 17608425
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20071009
LR  - 20070719
IS  - 0021-8561 (Print)
IS  - 0021-8561 (Linking)
VI  - 55
IP  - 15
DP  - 2007 Jul 25
TI  - Evaluation of the pesticide contamination of groundwater sampled over two years 
      from a vulnerable zone in Portugal.
PG  - 6227-35
AB  - A monitoring program of pesticides was implemented in the "ZV1" vulnerable zone 
      (Directive 91/676/EEC) in Portugal, in order to assess the impact of intensive 
      horticulture practices on groundwater contamination. The monitoring network 
      comprised 23 sampling points sampled every 3 months during a 2-year period. 
      Forty-two pesticides belonging to varied chemical families, including current 
      pesticides, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and degradation products, were 
      analyzed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography with 
      electron-capture detection-thermoionic specific detection (GC-ECD-TSD) or mass 
      spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical treatment was performed by descriptive analysis 
      followed by chemometric multivariate analysis. The latter included cluster 
      analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and factor analysis. Twenty-two 
      pesticides were quantitated, 20 pesticides were not detected, and metalaxyl, 
      benalaxyl, quinalphos, pirimicarb, and prometryn were only qualitatively 
      detected. The most frequently detected pesticides (% of samples analyzed) were 
      lindane (53%), pendimethalin (49%), endosulfan sulfate (44%), and endosulfan 
      (38%) while those that most frequently exceeded the 0.1 mug L-1 European Union 
      (EU) limit were pendimethalin (13%), endosulfan (12%), endosulfan sulfate (11%), 
      and atrazine (9%). 45% of the samples exceeded the EU limit for individual 
      pesticides while 27% exceeded the limit set to the sum of pesticides (0.5 mug 
      L-1). Principal component analysis revealed five principal components that were 
      attributed to environmental/agrochemical managing factors. The broad range of 
      pesticides investigated combined with the intensive character of the local 
      agriculture contributed to the diversity of pesticides that were detected. 
      However, the frequency of pesticides above the EU regulatory limit is comparable 
      to that found in the literature concerning different Portuguese and European 
      regions.
FAU - Goncalves, Carlos M
AU  - Goncalves CM
AD  - Laboratory of Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Anibal 
      Cunha 164, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal. carlosmog@ff.up.pt
FAU - Silva, Joaquim C G Esteves da
AU  - Silva JC
FAU - Alpendurada, Maria F
AU  - Alpendurada MF
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20070703
PL  - United States
TA  - J Agric Food Chem
JT  - Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
JID - 0374755
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/methods
MH  - Pesticides/*analysis
MH  - Portugal
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
EDAT- 2007/07/05 09:00
MHDA- 2007/10/10 09:00
CRDT- 2007/07/05 09:00
PHST- 2007/07/05 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2007/10/10 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2007/07/05 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1021/jf063663u [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jul 25;55(15):6227-35. doi: 10.1021/jf063663u. Epub 2007 
      Jul 3.