PMID- 17689176
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20080430
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 0301-5629 (Print)
IS  - 0301-5629 (Linking)
VI  - 33
IP  - 12
DP  - 2007 Dec
TI  - Evans blue staining of cardiomyocytes induced by myocardial contrast 
      echocardiography in rats: evidence for necrosis instead of apoptosis.
PG  - 1988-96
AB  - High mechanical index (MI) echocardiography with contrast agent has been shown to 
      induce Evans blue staining of cardiomyocytes, seen 1 d after exposure, in 
      addition to contraction band necrosis, seen immediately after exposure. This 
      research examined the roles of necrosis vs. apoptosis in these bioeffects. 
      Myocardial contrast echocardiography at high MI with 1:4 electrocardiogram 
      triggering was performed in anesthetized rats at 1.5 MHz. Histologically 
      observable cell injury was accumulated by infusing a high dose of 50 microL/kg 
      ultrasound contrast media via tail vein for 5 min at the start of 10 min of 
      scanning. Evans blue dye or propidium iodide was injected as an indicator of 
      cardiomyocyte plasma membrane integrity. Histologic sections were stained using 
      the terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method for labeling nuclei with DNA 
      degradation (e.g., apoptosis). Evans blue fluorescent cells were counted on 
      frozen sections or on hematoxylin-stained and TUNEL-labeled paraffin sections. In 
      addition, transmission electron microscopy was used to assess potential apoptotic 
      nuclei. Hypercontraction and propidium iodide staining were observed immediately 
      after imaging exposure. Although TUNEL-positive cells were evident after 4 h, 
      these also had indications of contraction band necrosis, and features of 
      apoptosis were not confirmed by electron microscopy. Inflammatory cell 
      infiltration was evident after 24 h. A second, more subtle injury was recognized 
      by Evans blue staining, with minimal inflammatory cell infiltration at the 
      morphologically intact stained cells after 24 h. Apoptosis was not detected by 
      the TUNEL method in the cardiomyocytes stained with Evans blue at 24 h. However, 
      Evans blue-stained cell numbers declined after 48 h, with continued inflammatory 
      cell infiltration. The initial insult for Evans blue-stained cardiomyocytes 
      apparently induced partial permeability of the plasma membrane, which led to 
      gradual degeneration (but not apoptosis) and necrosis after 24 to 48 h.
FAU - Miller, Douglas L
AU  - Miller DL
AD  - University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0553, USA. 
      douglm@umich.edu
FAU - Li, Peng
AU  - Li P
FAU - Dou, Chunyan
AU  - Dou C
FAU - Armstrong, William F
AU  - Armstrong WF
FAU - Gordon, David
AU  - Gordon D
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 EB000338/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 EB000338-24/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20070806
PL  - England
TA  - Ultrasound Med Biol
JT  - Ultrasound in medicine & biology
JID - 0410553
RN  - 0 (Contrast Media)
RN  - 0 (Fluorocarbons)
RN  - 45PG892GO1 (Evans Blue)
RN  - CK0N3WH0SR (perflutren)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Apoptosis
MH  - Contrast Media/*toxicity
MH  - Echocardiography/*adverse effects
MH  - Evans Blue
MH  - Fluorocarbons/toxicity
MH  - Microscopy, Electron
MH  - Microspheres
MH  - Myocytes, Cardiac/*pathology/ultrastructure
MH  - Necrosis
MH  - Photomicrography
MH  - Rats
MH  - Rats, Hairless
PMC - PMC2204068
MID - NIHMS36780
EDAT- 2007/08/11 09:00
MHDA- 2008/05/01 09:00
PMCR- 2008/12/01
CRDT- 2007/08/11 09:00
PHST- 2007/05/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2007/06/01 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2007/06/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2007/08/11 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2008/05/01 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2007/08/11 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2008/12/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0301-5629(07)00307-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.06.008 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007 Dec;33(12):1988-96. doi: 
      10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.06.008. Epub 2007 Aug 6.