PMID- 18065240
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20081104
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1050-4648 (Print)
IS  - 1050-4648 (Linking)
VI  - 24
IP  - 2
DP  - 2008 Feb
TI  - Cortisol response and immune-related effects of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar 
      Linnaeus) subjected to short- and long-term stress.
PG  - 194-204
AB  - It is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function in fish. 
      In this study we examined in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) the effects 
      of both short- (a single 15s out of water) and long-term (4 weeks of daily 
      handling 15s out of water) stress on plasma cortisol (free and total) and glucose 
      levels, expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and survival of head kidney 
      (HK) macrophages under culture with Aeromonas salmonicida. In the short-term 
      study, samples were collected prior to the application of the stressor, and at 1, 
      3, 6, 12 and 24h post stress. Free and total plasma cortisol levels and the 
      percentage of free cortisol increased significantly in the stressed group at 1 
      and 3h post stress. Plasma glucose levels were significantly higher than those of 
      control fish at 1, 3 and 6h post stress. Constitutive expression of IL-1beta in 
      macrophages isolated from head kidneys in stressed fish was significantly higher 
      at 1 and 3h post stress. However, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated expression 
      of IL-1beta in HK macrophages, exhibited significantly higher fold increases in 
      unstressed fish compared to stressed fish. In the long-term study, with the 
      exception of an increase in plasma glucose levels at 1 week, there were no 
      significant differences in stress parameters between groups. There was a 
      significantly higher constitutive IL-1beta expression in macrophages isolated 
      from stressed fish over the first 2 weeks. At weeks 1, 2 and 3 the magnitude of 
      IL-1beta response of isolated HK macrophages to LPS stimulation was reduced in 
      >90% of the stressed fish. At 4 weeks there was no significant difference in 
      inducible IL-1beta expression between the groups. Macrophages isolated from 
      stressed fish also showed significantly decreased survival when exposed to A. 
      salmonicida. This study shows a clear pattern from repeated handling stress, 
      whereby effects on immune cells begin with increased constitutive expression of 
      IL-1beta, followed by decreased stimulation of leucocytes by extracellular 
      antigen, and finally decreased leukocyte survival when exposed to A. salmonicida. 
      The implications of these changes in the immune system will be discussed with 
      respect to the use of classical indicators of stress to predict possible effects 
      on the immune system of fish.
FAU - Fast, Mark D
AU  - Fast MD
AD  - Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 
      Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
FAU - Hosoya, Sho
AU  - Hosoya S
FAU - Johnson, Stewart C
AU  - Johnson SC
FAU - Afonso, Luis O B
AU  - Afonso LO
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20071105
PL  - England
TA  - Fish Shellfish Immunol
JT  - Fish & shellfish immunology
JID - 9505220
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-1beta)
RN  - 0 (Lipopolysaccharides)
RN  - 0 (Peptide Elongation Factor 1)
RN  - WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Aeromonas salmonicida/immunology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Blood Glucose/analysis
MH  - Cell Survival/immunology
MH  - Fish Diseases/*immunology
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation/*immunology
MH  - Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/immunology/*veterinary
MH  - Handling, Psychological
MH  - Hydrocortisone/blood
MH  - Interleukin-1beta/analysis
MH  - Kidney/cytology
MH  - Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
MH  - Macrophages/chemistry
MH  - Peptide Elongation Factor 1/analysis/biosynthesis/genetics
MH  - Salmo salar/growth & development/*immunology
MH  - Stress, Physiological/*immunology
MH  - Time Factors
EDAT- 2007/12/11 09:00
MHDA- 2008/11/05 09:00
CRDT- 2007/12/11 09:00
PHST- 2007/08/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2007/10/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2007/10/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2007/12/11 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2008/11/05 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2007/12/11 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S1050-4648(07)00188-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.10.009 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2008 Feb;24(2):194-204. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.10.009. 
      Epub 2007 Nov 5.