PMID- 18159069 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20080110 LR - 20131121 IS - 1460-2105 (Electronic) IS - 0027-8874 (Linking) VI - 100 IP - 1 DP - 2008 Jan 2 TI - Inhibition of cancer cell invasion by cannabinoids via increased expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1. PG - 59-69 AB - BACKGROUND: Cannabinoids, in addition to having palliative benefits in cancer therapy, have been associated with anticarcinogenic effects. Although the antiproliferative activities of cannabinoids have been intensively investigated, little is known about their effects on tumor invasion. METHODS: Matrigel-coated and uncoated Boyden chambers were used to quantify invasiveness and migration, respectively, of human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells that had been treated with cannabinoids (the stable anandamide analog R(+)-methanandamide [MA] and the phytocannabinoid delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) in the presence or absence of antagonists of the CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptors or of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) or inhibitors of p38 or p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblotting were used to assess the influence of cannabinoids on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). The role of TIMP-1 in the anti-invasive action of cannabinoids was analyzed by transfecting HeLa, human cervical carcinoma (C33A), or human lung carcinoma cells (A549) cells with siRNA targeting TIMP-1. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Without modifying migration, MA and THC caused a time- and concentration-dependent suppression of HeLa cell invasion through Matrigel that was accompanied by increased expression of TIMP-1. At the lowest concentrations tested, MA (0.1 microM) and THC (0.01 microM) led to a decrease in invasion (normalized to that observed with vehicle-treated cells) of 61.5% (95% CI = 38.7% to 84.3%, P < .001) and 68.1% (95% CI = 31.5% to 104.8%, P = .0039), respectively. The stimulation of TIMP-1 expression and suppression of cell invasion were reversed by pretreatment of cells with antagonists to CB1 or CB2 receptors, with inhibitors of MAPKs, or, in the case of MA, with an antagonist to TRPV1. Knockdown of cannabinoid-induced TIMP-1 expression by siRNA led to a reversal of the cannabinoid-elicited decrease in tumor cell invasiveness in HeLa, A549, and C33A cells. CONCLUSION: Increased expression of TIMP-1 mediates an anti-invasive effect of cannabinoids. Cannabinoids may therefore offer a therapeutic option in the treatment of highly invasive cancers. FAU - Ramer, Robert AU - Ramer R AD - Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, Rostock D-18057, Germany. FAU - Hinz, Burkhard AU - Hinz B LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20071225 PL - United States TA - J Natl Cancer Inst JT - Journal of the National Cancer Institute JID - 7503089 RN - 0 (Arachidonic Acids) RN - 0 (Biocompatible Materials) RN - 0 (Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists) RN - 0 (Cannabinoids) RN - 0 (Drug Combinations) RN - 0 (Laminin) RN - 0 (Protein Kinase Inhibitors) RN - 0 (Proteoglycans) RN - 0 (RNA, Small Interfering) RN - 0 (Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1) RN - 0 (Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2) RN - 0 (TRPV Cation Channels) RN - 0 (TRPV1 protein, human) RN - 0 (Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1) RN - 119978-18-6 (matrigel) RN - 150314-39-9 (methanandamide) RN - 7J8897W37S (Dronabinol) RN - 9007-34-5 (Collagen) RN - EC 2.7.11.24 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1) RN - EC 2.7.11.24 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3) RN - EC 2.7.11.24 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) RN - EC 2.7.11.24 (p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) RN - EC 3.4.24.24 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 2) RN - EC 3.4.24.35 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 9) RN - EC 3.4.24.7 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 1) SB - IM MH - Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology MH - Biocompatible Materials MH - *Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists MH - Cannabinoids/*pharmacology MH - Cell Movement/*drug effects MH - Collagen MH - Cytological Techniques MH - Down-Regulation/drug effects MH - Dronabinol/pharmacology MH - Drug Combinations MH - Female MH - Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects MH - Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects MH - HeLa Cells MH - Humans MH - Immunoblotting MH - Laminin MH - Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy/metabolism MH - Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/*metabolism MH - Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism MH - Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism MH - Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors MH - Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors MH - Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors MH - Neoplasm Invasiveness/*prevention & control MH - Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology MH - Proteoglycans MH - RNA, Small Interfering MH - Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors MH - Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors MH - Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction MH - Signal Transduction/drug effects MH - TRPV Cation Channels/antagonists & inhibitors MH - Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/drug effects/*metabolism MH - Transfection MH - Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy/metabolism MH - p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors EDAT- 2007/12/27 09:00 MHDA- 2008/01/11 09:00 CRDT- 2007/12/27 09:00 PHST- 2007/12/27 09:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2008/01/11 09:00 [medline] PHST- 2007/12/27 09:00 [entrez] AID - djm268 [pii] AID - 10.1093/jnci/djm268 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Jan 2;100(1):59-69. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djm268. Epub 2007 Dec 25.