PMID- 18495249
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20090527
LR  - 20151119
IS  - 0165-0327 (Print)
IS  - 0165-0327 (Linking)
VI  - 112
IP  - 1-3
DP  - 2009 Jan
TI  - Recurrence of major depressive disorder is predicted by inhibited startle 
      magnitude while recovered.
PG  - 243-9
LID - 10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.022 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder, for some, follows a chronic relapsing 
      course. However, no reliable marker has been established that allows the 
      identification of this sub-group of patients. Preliminary findings suggest that 
      baseline startle magnitude may be such a marker. This study evaluated whether 
      differences in baseline startle magnitude during remission could prospectively 
      predict depressive symptomatology and recurrence. METHODS: A group of previously 
      depressed individuals (n=25), who were in full remission at the time of testing, 
      had their startle reflex measured via surface EMG electrodes on the left 
      orbicularis oculi muscle. These people were then followed-up 2 years later and 
      their depressive symptomatology during the intervening period was assessed using 
      the psychiatric ratings scale of the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation 
      (LIFE; [Keller, M.B., Lavori, P.W., Friedman, B., Nielsen, E., Endicott, J., 
      McDonald-Scott, P., et al. (1987). The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up 
      Evaluation. A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective 
      longitudinal studies. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 44(6), 540-548]) and incidents of 
      recurrence assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P; 
      [First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J.B.W. (2001). Structured 
      clinical interview for axis 1 DSM-IV disorders. New York: New York State 
      Psychiatric Institute]). RESULTS: It was found that a relatively attenuated 
      startle response at initial assessment was strongly predictive of both depressive 
      symptomatology and those who would experience relapse. LIMITATIONS: This study 
      has a relatively small sample size that limits the degree to which a thorough 
      co-variant analysis can be conducted and also makes the analysis of gender-based 
      difference impracticable. Additionally, as no healthy control group is included, 
      we report a relative rather than absolute attenuation of startle to be indicative 
      of symptom severity and recurrence proclivity. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary 
      findings suggest that an attenuated startle response may have utility as an 
      endophenotypic marker of risk for recurrence of Major Depression and residual 
      sub-syndromal symptomatology. Such a marker may facilitate the early 
      identification and treatment of those most at risk of recurrent Major Depression.
FAU - O'Brien-Simpson, Laurie
AU  - O'Brien-Simpson L
AD  - University of Melbourne, Australia.
FAU - Di Parsia, Patricia
AU  - Di Parsia P
FAU - Simmons, Julian G
AU  - Simmons JG
FAU - Allen, Nicholas B
AU  - Allen NB
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20080520
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - J Affect Disord
JT  - Journal of affective disorders
JID - 7906073
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Genetic Markers)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Biomarkers
MH  - Depressive Disorder, Major/*diagnosis/genetics/psychology
MH  - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
MH  - Electromyography
MH  - Facial Muscles/physiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Follow-Up Studies
MH  - Functional Laterality/physiology
MH  - Genetic Markers
MH  - Humans
MH  - Longitudinal Studies
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Neural Inhibition/genetics/*physiology
MH  - Phenotype
MH  - Probability
MH  - Prospective Studies
MH  - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Recurrence
MH  - Reflex, Startle/genetics/*physiology
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Severity of Illness Index
EDAT- 2008/05/23 09:00
MHDA- 2009/05/28 09:00
CRDT- 2008/05/23 09:00
PHST- 2007/04/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2008/03/26 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2008/03/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2008/05/23 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2009/05/28 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2008/05/23 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0165-0327(08)00147-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.022 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Affect Disord. 2009 Jan;112(1-3):243-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.022. Epub 
      2008 May 20.