PMID- 18509253
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20080909
LR  - 20080711
IS  - 1660-5535 (Electronic)
IS  - 1660-5527 (Linking)
VI  - 21
IP  - 4
DP  - 2008
TI  - Skin irritation and sensitization: mechanisms and new approaches for risk 
      assessment.
PG  - 191-202
LID - 10.1159/000135635 [doi]
AB  - Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common skin disease with a significant 
      social and economic impact. In contrast to irritation, skin sensitization is a 
      response of the adaptive immune system, in which there is a delayed 
      T-cell-mediated allergic response to chemically modified skin proteins. The 
      chemicals that can covalently modify the skin proteins and trigger an allergic 
      reaction are referred to as haptens or sensitizers. Attempts have been made in 
      many countries to reduce the problems of ACD by the implementation of 
      legislations related to skin-sensitizing chemicals, as well as by the early 
      detection and risk assessment of substances with sensitizing properties. For many 
      years, the simple identification of sensitizing chemicals was performed in guinea 
      pig tests. A murine test, the local lymph node assay (LLNA), has been validated 
      as a replacement for the guinea pig tests. Despite the recent introduction of in 
      vitro methods for the identification of sensitizing chemicals, the LLNA results 
      (when coupled with good exposure data) can be used as the starting point for a 
      quantitative risk assessment. The quantitative risk assessment is aimed to 
      identify the safe use thresholds for any potential skin sensitizer.
CI  - (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.
FAU - Basketter, D
AU  - Basketter D
AD  - DABMEB Consultancy Ltd., Sharnbrook, UK.
FAU - Darlenski, R
AU  - Darlenski R
FAU - Fluhr, J W
AU  - Fluhr JW
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20080529
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Skin Pharmacol Physiol
JT  - Skin pharmacology and physiology
JID - 101188418
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis/*etiology/immunology
MH  - Dermatitis, Irritant/diagnosis/*etiology/immunology
MH  - Disease Models, Animal
MH  - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
MH  - Guinea Pigs
MH  - Humans
MH  - Local Lymph Node Assay
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Skin Tests/methods
RF  - 91
EDAT- 2008/05/30 09:00
MHDA- 2008/09/10 09:00
CRDT- 2008/05/30 09:00
PHST- 2008/05/30 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2008/09/10 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2008/05/30 09:00 [entrez]
AID - 000135635 [pii]
AID - 10.1159/000135635 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2008;21(4):191-202. doi: 10.1159/000135635. Epub 2008 May 
      29.