PMID- 18552348
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20100106
LR  - 20211020
IS  - 1745-1701 (Electronic)
IS  - 0586-7614 (Print)
IS  - 0586-7614 (Linking)
VI  - 35
IP  - 6
DP  - 2009 Nov
TI  - Schizophrenia susceptibility genes directly implicated in the life cycles of 
      pathogens: cytomegalovirus, influenza, herpes simplex, rubella, and Toxoplasma 
      gondii.
PG  - 1163-82
LID - 10.1093/schbul/sbn054 [doi]
AB  - Many genes implicated in schizophrenia can be related to glutamatergic 
      transmission and neuroplasticity, oligodendrocyte function, and other families 
      clearly related to neurobiology and schizophrenia phenotypes. Others appear 
      rather to be involved in the life cycles of the pathogens implicated in the 
      disease. For example, aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA), PLA2, SIAT8B, GALNT7, or 
      B3GAT1 metabolize chemical ligands to which the influenza virus, herpes simplex, 
      cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella, or Toxoplasma gondii bind. The epidermal growth 
      factor receptor (EGR/EGFR) is used by the CMV to gain entry to cells, and a CMV 
      gene codes for an interleukin (IL-10) mimic that binds the host cognate receptor, 
      IL10R. The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1) is used by herpes simplex. 
      KPNA3 and RANBP5 control the nuclear import of the influenza virus. Disrupted in 
      schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) controls the microtubule network that is used by viruses 
      as a route to the nucleus, while DTNBP1, MUTED, and BLOC1S3 regulate endosomal to 
      lysosomal routing that is also important in viral traffic. Neuregulin 1 activates 
      ERBB receptors releasing a factor, EBP1, known to inhibit the influenza virus 
      transcriptase. Other viral or bacterial components bind to genes or proteins 
      encoded by CALR, FEZ1, FYN, HSPA1B, IL2, HTR2A, KPNA3, MED12, MED15, MICB, NQO2, 
      PAX6, PIK3C3, RANBP5, or TP53, while the cerebral infectivity of the herpes 
      simplex virus is modified by Apolipoprotein E (APOE). Genes encoding for proteins 
      related to the innate immune response, including cytokine related (CCR5, CSF2RA, 
      CSF2RB, IL1B, IL1RN, IL2, IL3, IL3RA, IL4, IL10, IL10RA, IL18RAP, 
      lymphotoxin-alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF]), human leukocyte antigen 
      (HLA) antigens (HLA-A10, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1), and genes involved in antigen 
      processing (angiotensin-converting enzyme and tripeptidyl peptidase 2) are all 
      concerned with defense against invading pathogens. Human microRNAs (Hsa-mir-198 
      and Hsa-mir-206) are predicted to bind to influenza, rubella, or poliovirus 
      genes. Certain genes associated with schizophrenia, including those also 
      concerned with neurophysiology, are intimately related to the life cycles of the 
      pathogens implicated in the disease. Several genes may affect pathogen virulence, 
      while the pathogens in turn may affect genes and processes relevant to the 
      neurophysiology of schizophrenia. For such genes, the strength of association in 
      genetic studies is likely to be conditioned by the presence of the pathogen, 
      which varies in different populations at different times, a factor that may 
      explain the heterogeneity that plagues such studies. This scenario also suggests 
      that drugs or vaccines designed to eliminate the pathogens that so clearly 
      interact with schizophrenia susceptibility genes could have a dramatic effect on 
      the incidence of the disease.
FAU - Carter, C J
AU  - Carter CJ
AD  - 176 Downs Road, Hastings, East Sussex, TN34 2DZ, UK. chris_car@yahoo.com
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20080613
PL  - United States
TA  - Schizophr Bull
JT  - Schizophrenia bulletin
JID - 0236760
RN  - 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Neurotransmitter)
SB  - IM
MH  - Brain/microbiology/*physiopathology/virology
MH  - Cytomegalovirus/genetics/*physiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
MH  - Genes, Regulator/genetics/physiology
MH  - Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics
MH  - Humans
MH  - Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics
MH  - Neuronal Plasticity/genetics
MH  - Oligodendroglia/physiology
MH  - Orthomyxoviridae/genetics/*physiology
MH  - Pregnancy
MH  - Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/genetics/microbiology/virology
MH  - Receptors, Neurotransmitter/genetics
MH  - Rubella virus/genetics/*physiology
MH  - Schizophrenia/*genetics/microbiology/virology
MH  - Signal Transduction/*genetics
MH  - Simplexvirus/genetics/*physiology
MH  - Toxoplasma/genetics/*physiology
MH  - Transcription, Genetic/genetics
PMC - PMC2762619
EDAT- 2008/06/17 09:00
MHDA- 2010/01/07 06:00
PMCR- 2010/11/01
CRDT- 2008/06/17 09:00
PHST- 2008/06/17 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2010/01/07 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2008/06/17 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - sbn054 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/schbul/sbn054 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Schizophr Bull. 2009 Nov;35(6):1163-82. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn054. Epub 2008 Jun 
      13.