PMID- 18636792
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20090203
LR  - 20131121
IS  - 1551-3777 (Print)
IS  - 1551-3777 (Linking)
VI  - 4
IP  - 4
DP  - 2008 Oct
TI  - Assessing the risks of persistent organic pollutants to top predators: a review 
      of approaches.
PG  - 386-98
LID - 10.1897/IEAM_2008-008.1 [doi]
AB  - Accurate risk assessment of secondary poisoning by persistent organic pollutants 
      (POPs) in top predators is possible but requires multidisciplinary input from 
      wildlife ecology, ecotoxicology, and analytical chemistry. Because of the 
      transfer of POPs up the food chain, traditional approaches to exposure assessment 
      based on POPs in abiotic compartments or organisms low in the food chain can make 
      the assessment of risk to top predators complicated. For more direct, accurate, 
      and site-specific methods of assessing the risks of secondary poisoning of top 
      predator by POPs, we classify 2 main approaches: diet based and tissue based. 
      Exposure assessment via the diet-based approach requires samples of the 
      predator's diet and measured concentrations in the prey items, realistic 
      estimates of dietary composition, and ingestion rates. The even more direct, 
      tissue-based approach uses measured POP concentrations in tissues of top 
      predators to determine internal exposure coupled with tissue-based effect 
      concentrations (or biological responses measured via biomarkers) to determine 
      risk. The advantage of these methods is that uncertain estimates of POPs transfer 
      to top predators from lower trophic levels are avoided. In practice, the 
      availability of dose-response data and internal exposure-response relationships 
      for POPs in top predators is limited, so these may have to be extrapolated from 
      surrogate species. In this paper we illustrate and evaluate the potential of 
      diet-based and tissue-based risk assessment approaches with case studies and 
      demonstrate that appropriate methodologies significantly reduce the uncertainty 
      in risk assessments of POPs.
FAU - Leonards, Pim E G
AU  - Leonards PE
AD  - Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 
      1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands. pim.leonards@ivm.vu.nl
FAU - van Hattum, Bert
AU  - van Hattum B
FAU - Leslie, Heather
AU  - Leslie H
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - Integr Environ Assess Manag
JT  - Integrated environmental assessment and management
JID - 101234521
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/*methods
MH  - Environmental Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis
MH  - Risk Assessment/methods
RF  - 111
EDAT- 2008/07/19 09:00
MHDA- 2009/02/04 09:00
CRDT- 2008/07/19 09:00
PHST- 2008/01/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2008/07/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2008/07/19 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2009/02/04 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2008/07/19 09:00 [entrez]
AID - IEAM_2008-008 [pii]
AID - 10.1897/IEAM_2008-008.1 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2008 Oct;4(4):386-98. doi: 10.1897/IEAM_2008-008.1.