PMID- 18728762
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20081205
LR  - 20211020
IS  - 1660-3397 (Electronic)
IS  - 1660-3397 (Linking)
VI  - 6
IP  - 2
DP  - 2008 May 14
TI  - Characterization of intracellular and extracellular saxitoxin levels in both 
      field and cultured Alexandrium spp. samples from Sequim Bay, Washington.
PG  - 103-16
LID - 10.3390/md20080006 [doi]
AB  - Traditionally, harmful algal bloom studies have primarily focused on quantifying 
      toxin levels contained within the phytoplankton cells of interest. In the case of 
      paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs), intracellular toxin levels and the 
      effects of dietary consumption of toxic cells by planktivores have been well 
      documented. However, little information is available regarding the levels of 
      extracellular PSTs that may leak or be released into seawater from toxic cells 
      during blooms. In order to fully evaluate the risks of harmful algal bloom toxins 
      in the marine food web, it is necessary to understand all potential routes of 
      exposure. In the present study, extracellular and intracellular PST levels were 
      measured in field seawater samples (collected weekly from June to October 
      2004-2007) and in Alexandrium spp. culture samples isolated from Sequim Bay, 
      Washington. Measurable levels of intra- and extra-cellular toxins were detected 
      in both field and culture samples via receptor binding assay (RBA) and an 
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Characterization of the PST toxin 
      profile in the Sequim Bay isolates by pre-column oxidation and HPLC-fluorescence 
      detection revealed that gonyautoxin 1 and 4 made up 65 +/- 9.7% of the total PSTs 
      present. Collectively, these data confirm that extracellular PSTs are present 
      during blooms of Alexandrium spp. in the Sequim Bay region.
FAU - Lefebvre, Kathi A
AU  - Lefebvre KA
AD  - NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Marine Biotoxins Program, 
      2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA. Kathi.Lefebvre@noaa.gov
FAU - Bill, Brian D
AU  - Bill BD
FAU - Erickson, Aleta
AU  - Erickson A
FAU - Baugh, Keri A
AU  - Baugh KA
FAU - O'Rourke, Lohna
AU  - O'Rourke L
FAU - Costa, Pedro R
AU  - Costa PR
FAU - Nance, Shelly
AU  - Nance S
FAU - Trainer, Vera L
AU  - Trainer VL
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20080514
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Mar Drugs
JT  - Marine drugs
JID - 101213729
RN  - 0 (Culture Media)
RN  - 0 (Marine Toxins)
RN  - 35523-89-8 (Saxitoxin)
RN  - 77462-64-7 (gonyautoxins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
MH  - Culture Media
MH  - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
MH  - Eukaryota/*chemistry/growth & development
MH  - Eutrophication
MH  - Extracellular Space/chemistry
MH  - Intracellular Space/chemistry
MH  - Marine Toxins/*chemistry/isolation & purification
MH  - Quality Control
MH  - Saxitoxin/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/isolation & purification
MH  - Seawater
MH  - Washington
PMC - PMC2525483
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alexandrium spp.
OT  - HAB
OT  - PSP
OT  - PSTs
OT  - extracellular toxins
OT  - harmful algal blooms
OT  - intracellular toxins
OT  - saxitoxin
EDAT- 2008/08/30 09:00
MHDA- 2008/12/17 09:00
PMCR- 2008/03/01
CRDT- 2008/08/30 09:00
PHST- 2008/02/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2008/04/16 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2008/04/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2008/08/30 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2008/12/17 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2008/08/30 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2008/03/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - md6020103 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/md20080006 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Mar Drugs. 2008 May 14;6(2):103-16. doi: 10.3390/md20080006.