PMID- 18762321
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20090122
LR  - 20181201
IS  - 0048-9697 (Print)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 406
IP  - 1-2
DP  - 2008 Nov 15
TI  - Increase of urban lake salinity by road deicing salt.
PG  - 131-44
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.037 [doi]
AB  - Over 317,000 tonnes of road salt (NaCl) are applied annually for road deicing in 
      the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA) of Minnesota. Although road salt is 
      applied to increase driving safety, this practice influences environmental water 
      quality. Thirteen lakes in the TCMA were studied over 46 months to determine if 
      and how they respond to the seasonal applications of road salt. Sodium and 
      chloride concentrations in these lakes were 10 and 25 times higher, respectively, 
      than in other non-urban lakes in the region. Seasonal salinity/chloride cycles in 
      the lakes were correlated with road salt applications: High concentrations in the 
      winter and spring, especially near the bottom of the lakes, were followed by 
      lower concentrations in the summer and fall due to flushing of the lakes by 
      rainfall runoff. The seasonal salt storage/flushing rates for individual lakes 
      were derived from volume-weighted average chloride concentration time series. The 
      rate ranged from 9 to 55% of a lake's minimum salt content. In some of the lakes 
      studied salt concentrations were high enough to stop spring turnover preventing 
      oxygen from reaching the benthic sediments. Concentrations above the sediments 
      were also high enough to induce convective mixing of the saline water into the 
      sediment pore water. A regional analysis of historical water quality records of 
      38 lakes in the TCMA showed increases in lake salinity from 1984 to 2005 that 
      were highly correlated with the amount of rock salt purchased by the State of 
      Minnesota. Chloride concentrations in individual lakes were positively correlated 
      with the percent of impervious surfaces in the watershed and inversely with lake 
      volume. Taken together, the results show a continuing degradation of the water 
      quality of urban lakes due to application of NaCl in their watersheds.
FAU - Novotny, Eric V
AU  - Novotny EV
AD  - University of Minnesota, Department of Civil Engineering, St. Anthony Falls 
      Laboratory, 2 Third Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, 612-625-2810, USA.
FAU - Murphy, Dan
AU  - Murphy D
FAU - Stefan, Heinz G
AU  - Stefan HG
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20080831
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Ice)
RN  - 0 (Salts)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Cities
MH  - *Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Fresh Water/*chemistry
MH  - *Ice
MH  - Minnesota
MH  - Phase Transition
MH  - *Salinity
MH  - Salts/*analysis
MH  - Snow
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - Transportation
MH  - Water Movements
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
EDAT- 2008/09/03 09:00
MHDA- 2009/01/23 09:00
CRDT- 2008/09/03 09:00
PHST- 2008/02/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2008/07/14 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2008/07/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2008/09/03 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2009/01/23 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2008/09/03 09:00 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(08)00763-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.037 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2008 Nov 15;406(1-2):131-44. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.037. Epub 2008 Aug 31.