PMID- 18833312
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20090309
LR  - 20181113
IS  - 1938-162X (Electronic)
IS  - 1062-6050 (Print)
IS  - 1062-6050 (Linking)
VI  - 43
IP  - 5
DP  - 2008 Sep-Oct
TI  - Nutrition concepts for elite distance runners based on macronutrient and energy 
      expenditure.
PG  - 489-504
LID - 10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.489 [doi]
AB  - CONTEXT: Elite distance runners (EDR) must optimize their nutrition to maintain 
      their demanding training schedules. OBJECTIVE: To develop a nutrition concept for 
      EDR based on energy and macronutrient expenditures. DESIGN: This theoretical 
      study provides calculations for macronutrient and energy expenditures of EDR. 
      Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of EDR were assumed based on average 
      real EDR. SETTING: University of Kiel. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Three 
      prototypic types of male EDR described in the literature as type I (TI; body mass 
      = 72 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.9 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 60% to 
      70%), type II (TII; body mass = 67 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.82 at rest, 
      fast-twitch muscle fibers = 50%), and type III (TIII; body mass = 60 kg, 
      respiratory quotient = 0.75 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 30% to 40%). 
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We calculated the macronutrient and energy expenditures 
      of the 3 types of EDR according to body mass, respiratory quotient, and 
      percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers. RESULTS: We found that the average 
      energy expenditure was 3750 kcal . d(-1) for TI runners, 3463 kcal . d(-1) for 
      TII runners, and 3079 kcal . d(-1) for TIII runners. The carbohydrate (CHO) 
      expenditure reached an average value of 10.0 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) for TI runners, 
      8.0 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) for TII runners, and 4.7 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) for TIII 
      runners. When the EDR accomplished running sessions at a pace >or=100% of maximum 
      oxygen consumption, all types of runners had a CHO demand of about 10 g . kg(-1) 
      . d(-1). The TI and TII runners need a CHO intake of 8 to 10 g . kg(-1) . d(-1). 
      For the TIII runners, a CHO intake >6 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) is necessary during 
      anaerobic training sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition concepts must be 
      differentiated for EDR according to metabolic and anthropometric characteristics 
      of the runners and their special training emphases.
FAU - Schroder, Sandra
AU  - Schroder S
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Fischer, Alexandra
AU  - Fischer A
FAU - Vock, Christina
AU  - Vock C
FAU - Bohme, Mike
AU  - Bohme M
FAU - Schmelzer, Constance
AU  - Schmelzer C
FAU - Dopner, Myriam
AU  - Dopner M
FAU - Hulsmann, Olaf
AU  - Hulsmann O
FAU - Doring, Frank
AU  - Doring F
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - J Athl Train
JT  - Journal of athletic training
JID - 9301647
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Fats)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Proteins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Anthropometry
MH  - Body Mass Index
MH  - Diet
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism
MH  - Dietary Fats/metabolism
MH  - Dietary Proteins/metabolism
MH  - Energy Intake/*physiology
MH  - Energy Metabolism/*physiology
MH  - Health Services Accessibility
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism/physiology
MH  - *Nutritional Requirements
MH  - Oxygen Consumption/*physiology
MH  - Physical Endurance/*physiology
MH  - Running/*physiology
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC2547869
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - diet, endurance
OT  - sports
EDAT- 2008/10/04 09:00
MHDA- 2009/03/10 09:00
PMCR- 2008/09/01
CRDT- 2008/10/04 09:00
PHST- 2008/10/04 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2009/03/10 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2008/10/04 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2008/09/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.489 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Athl Train. 2008 Sep-Oct;43(5):489-504. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.489.