PMID- 18936299
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20090807
LR  - 20161124
IS  - 1096-0929 (Electronic)
IS  - 1096-0929 (Linking)
VI  - 107
IP  - 1
DP  - 2009 Jan
TI  - Physical-chemical and solvent considerations in evaluating the influence of 
      carbon chain length on the skin sensitization activity of 1-bromoalkanes.
PG  - 78-84
LID - 10.1093/toxsci/kfn212 [doi]
AB  - The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is an internationally accepted assay for 
      identification of contact allergens. The LLNA has also been used in research 
      studies to evaluate contact allergen potency, as well as chemical 
      structural-allergenic activity relationships. The 1-bromoalkanes have been used 
      in such a manner as they represent a chemical series with generally the same 
      chemical reactivity but differing in alkane carbon chain length-dependent lipid 
      solubilities. Previous reports noted a biphasic LLNA response with increasing 
      carbon chain length that peaked at the 16-carbon chain (C16) of 1-bromohexadecane 
      (delivered in an acetone-olive oil [AOO] vehicle; 4:1). In the present study, 
      this biphasic LLNA response was confirmed, and 1-bromoalkane chemical-physical 
      factors were explored using both modeling tools and further laboratory studies to 
      help understand this finding. Volatility and effect of vehicle on 1-bromoalkanes' 
      sensitizations were assessed. Selected 1-bromoalkanes were tested in the LLNA 
      using the polar, protic vehicle, tetrahydrofuran-butanol (THF-BuOH; 1:1), to 
      compare to the nonpolar (aprotic) vehicle AOO 1-bromoalkanes-LLNA responses. 
      Enhanced 1-bromoalkane LLNA responses were observed using the THF-BuOH vehicle 
      but with the greatest activity still observed for 1-bromohexadecane (C16). The 
      shorter 1-bromoalkanes were subject to volatile losses upon application with 
      approximately 75% volatile loss from a surface of 1-bromohexane (C6) within 5 min 
      at room temperature. It is concluded that multiple factors, in addition to lipid 
      solubility, including vehicle, solvation, and retention on the skin surface 
      contribute to the apparent potency of 1-bromoalkanes in the LLNA.
FAU - Siegel, Paul D
AU  - Siegel PD
AD  - Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational 
      Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA. pds3@cdc.gov
FAU - Fedorowicz, Adam
AU  - Fedorowicz A
FAU - Butterworth, Leon
AU  - Butterworth L
FAU - Law, Brandon
AU  - Law B
FAU - Anderson, Stacey E
AU  - Anderson SE
FAU - Snyder, James
AU  - Snyder J
FAU - Beezhold, Don
AU  - Beezhold D
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20081020
PL  - United States
TA  - Toxicol Sci
JT  - Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology
JID - 9805461
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Brominated)
RN  - 0 (Solvents)
RN  - 76GJI7GVAM (1-bromohexadecane)
SB  - IM
MH  - Analysis of Variance
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cell Proliferation/*drug effects
MH  - Chemical Phenomena/*drug effects
MH  - Dermatitis, Contact/physiopathology
MH  - Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
MH  - Female
MH  - Hydrocarbons, Brominated/*pharmacology
MH  - Hypersensitivity/metabolism
MH  - Local Lymph Node Assay
MH  - Lymph Nodes/drug effects/*metabolism
MH  - Mice
MH  - Mice, Inbred BALB C
MH  - Solubility
MH  - Solvents/*metabolism
MH  - Volatilization
EDAT- 2008/10/22 09:00
MHDA- 2009/08/08 09:00
CRDT- 2008/10/22 09:00
PHST- 2008/10/22 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2008/10/22 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2009/08/08 09:00 [medline]
AID - kfn212 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/toxsci/kfn212 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Toxicol Sci. 2009 Jan;107(1):78-84. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn212. Epub 2008 Oct 20.