PMID- 18991959
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20081212
LR  - 20210218
IS  - 1749-6632 (Electronic)
IS  - 0077-8923 (Print)
IS  - 0077-8923 (Linking)
VI  - 1141
DP  - 2008 Oct
TI  - Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain.
PG  - 195-220
LID - 10.1196/annals.1441.031 [doi]
AB  - We review evidence that structural brain abnormalities are associated with abuse 
      of amphetamines. A brief history of amphetamine use/abuse and evidence for 
      toxicity is followed by a summary of findings from structural magnetic resonance 
      imaging (MRI) studies of human subjects who had abused amphetamines and children 
      who were exposed to amphetamines in utero. Evidence comes from studies that used 
      a variety of techniques including manual tracing, pattern matching, voxel-based, 
      tensor-based, or cortical thickness mapping, quantification of white matter 
      signal hyperintensities, and diffusion tensor imaging. Ten studies compared 
      controls to individuals who were exposed to methamphetamine. Three studies 
      assessed individuals exposed to 3-4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Brain 
      structural abnormalities were consistently reported in amphetamine abusers, as 
      compared to control subjects. These included lower cortical gray matter volume 
      and higher striatal volume than control subjects. These differences might reflect 
      brain features that could predispose to substance dependence. High striatal 
      volumes might also reflect compensation for toxicity in the dopamine-rich basal 
      ganglia. Prenatal exposure was associated with striatal volume that was below 
      control values, suggesting that such compensation might not occur in utero. 
      Several forms of white matter abnormality are also common and may involve 
      gliosis. Many of the limitations and inconsistencies in the literature relate to 
      techniques and cross-sectional designs, which cannot infer causality. Potential 
      confounding influences include effects of pre existing risk/protective factors, 
      development, gender, severity of amphetamine abuse, abuse of other drugs, 
      abstinence, and differences in lifestyle. Longitudinal designs in which 
      multimodal datasets are acquired and are subjected to multivariate analyses would 
      enhance our ability to provide general conclusions regarding the associations 
      between amphetamine abuse and brain structure.
FAU - Berman, Steven
AU  - Berman S
AD  - Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, 
      University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA.
FAU - O'Neill, Joseph
AU  - O'Neill J
FAU - Fears, Scott
AU  - Fears S
FAU - Bartzokis, George
AU  - Bartzokis G
FAU - London, Edythe D
AU  - London ED
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 DA020726/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P20 DA022539-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA020726-03/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA015179/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 DA023192/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - M01 RR000865/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA020726-02/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - M01 RR000865-270065/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P20 DA022539/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA020726-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 DA023192-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 DA023192-02/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA015179-01A1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - M01 RR00865/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA015179-03/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA020726-04/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P20 DA022539-03/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P20 DA022539-02/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R03 DA020512-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA015179-02/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R03 DA20512/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R03 DA020512/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - Ann N Y Acad Sci
JT  - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
JID - 7506858
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Neurotransmitter Agents)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology
MH  - Adult
MH  - Amphetamine-Related Disorders/*pathology
MH  - Amphetamines/*adverse effects/therapeutic use/toxicity
MH  - Animals
MH  - Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy/pathology
MH  - Brain/abnormalities/drug effects/*pathology
MH  - Cats
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MH  - Male
MH  - Methamphetamine/toxicity
MH  - Myelin Sheath/drug effects/pathology
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/toxicity
MH  - Neurons/drug effects
MH  - Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
MH  - Pregnancy
MH  - Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
MH  - Primates
MH  - Rats
MH  - Species Specificity
PMC - PMC2769923
MID - NIHMS105406
EDAT- 2008/11/11 09:00
MHDA- 2008/12/17 09:00
PMCR- 2009/10/28
CRDT- 2008/11/11 09:00
PHST- 2008/11/11 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2008/12/17 09:00 [medline]
PHST- 2008/11/11 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2009/10/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - NYAS1141031 [pii]
AID - 10.1196/annals.1441.031 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Oct;1141:195-220. doi: 10.1196/annals.1441.031.