PMID- 19198647 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20090401 LR - 20211020 IS - 1932-6203 (Electronic) IS - 1932-6203 (Linking) VI - 4 IP - 2 DP - 2009 TI - Metabolic and behavioral compensations in response to caloric restriction: implications for the maintenance of weight loss. PG - e4377 LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0004377 [doi] LID - e4377 AB - BACKGROUND: Metabolic and behavioral adaptations to caloric restriction (CR) in free-living conditions have not yet been objectively measured. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Forty-eight (36.8+/-1.0 y), overweight (BMI 27.8+/-0.7 kg/m(2)) participants were randomized to four groups for 6-months; CONTROL: energy intake at 100% of energy requirements; CR: 25% calorie restriction; CR+EX: 12.5% CR plus 12.5% increase in energy expenditure by structured exercise; LCD: low calorie diet (890 kcal/d) until 15% weight reduction followed by weight maintenance. Body composition (DXA) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) over 14-days by doubly labeled water (DLW) and activity related energy activity (AREE) were measured after 3 (M3) and 6 (M6) months of intervention. Weight changes at M6 were -1.0+/-1.1% (CONTROL), -10.4+/-0.9% (CR), -10.0+/-0.8% (CR+EX) and -13.9+/-0.8% (LCD). At M3, absolute TDEE was significantly reduced in CR (-454+/-76 kcal/d) and LCD (-633+/-66 kcal/d) but not in CR+EX or controls. At M6 the reduction in TDEE remained lower than baseline in CR (-316+/-118 kcal/d) and LCD (-389+/-124 kcal/d) but reached significance only when CR and LCD were combined (-351+/-83 kcal/d). In response to caloric restriction (CR/LCD combined), TDEE adjusted for body composition, was significantly lower by -431+/-51 and -240+/-83 kcal/d at M3 and M6, respectively, indicating a metabolic adaptation. Likewise, physical activity (TDEE adjusted for sleeping metabolic rate) was significantly reduced from baseline at both time points. For control and CR+EX, adjusted TDEE (body composition or sleeping metabolic rate) was not changed at either M3 or M6. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time we show that in free-living conditions, CR results in a metabolic adaptation and a behavioral adaptation with decreased physical activity levels. These data also suggest potential mechanisms by which CR causes large inter-individual variability in the rates of weight loss and how exercise may influence weight loss and weight loss maintenance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00099151. FAU - Redman, Leanne M AU - Redman LM AD - Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America. FAU - Heilbronn, Leonie K AU - Heilbronn LK FAU - Martin, Corby K AU - Martin CK FAU - de Jonge, Lilian AU - de Jonge L FAU - Williamson, Donald A AU - Williamson DA FAU - Delany, James P AU - Delany JP FAU - Ravussin, Eric AU - Ravussin E CN - Pennington CALERIE Team LA - eng SI - ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00099151 GR - P30 DK072476/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States GR - K23 DK068052/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States GR - U01 AG020478/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States GR - K23 DK068052-01A2/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States GR - U01 AG20478/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States PT - Clinical Trial, Phase I PT - Journal Article PT - Randomized Controlled Trial PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20090209 PL - United States TA - PLoS One JT - PloS one JID - 101285081 SB - IM MH - Adult MH - Behavior Control/psychology MH - Body Composition/physiology MH - Body Mass Index MH - *Caloric Restriction MH - Energy Intake/physiology MH - Energy Metabolism/physiology MH - Female MH - Humans MH - Male MH - Middle Aged MH - Weight Loss/*physiology PMC - PMC2634841 COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. EDAT- 2009/02/10 09:00 MHDA- 2009/04/02 09:00 PMCR- 2009/02/09 CRDT- 2009/02/10 09:00 PHST- 2008/10/29 00:00 [received] PHST- 2008/12/17 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2009/02/10 09:00 [entrez] PHST- 2009/02/10 09:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2009/04/02 09:00 [medline] PHST- 2009/02/09 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 08-PONE-RA-07091 [pii] AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0004377 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4377. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004377. Epub 2009 Feb 9.