PMID- 19371462
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20090622
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 0146-4760 (Print)
IS  - 0146-4760 (Linking)
VI  - 33
IP  - 3
DP  - 2009 Apr
TI  - Multiple drug ingestion by ecstasy abusers in the United States.
PG  - 143-7
AB  - The abuse of ecstasy-type drugs such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) 
      and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is generally associated with young adults 
      attending "Rave" parties. Little toxicological information has been reported 
      regarding ecstasy usage by individuals undergoing monitoring in other settings in 
      the United States. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and 
      patterns of licit and illicit drugs in urine specimens of ecstasy users. A survey 
      of laboratory data over the years 2005-2007 revealed that 198 urine specimens 
      were confirmed positive (cutoff concentration 100 ng/mL) for MDMA and/or MDA from 
      the following types of donors ( positive specimens): Correctional (159); Sports 
      (19); Workplace (9); Pain Patients (8); and Special Test Requests (3). Of these, 
      122 (61.6%) were positive for MDMA and MDA, 70 (35.4%) were positive for MDMA, 
      and 6 (3.0%) were positive for MDA. A majority (84.3%) of the specimens contained 
      multiple drugs and/or metabolites in addition to MDMA and MDA. The median number 
      of drugs/metabolites reported for these ecstasy users was 5 (range, 1-9). In 
      addition to MDMA/MDA, the most commonly identified drug groups (%) were cannabis 
      (THCCOOH) (61.6%); amphetamine/ methamphetamine (38.4%); benzoylecgonine (30.8%); 
      diazepam-related (9.6%); opiates (7.1%); alprazolam (5.6%); and others (5.6%). 
      Although multidrug ingestion appears to be common amongst ecstasy users, caution 
      is recommended in interpretation. Illicit ecstasy in the United States and Canada 
      frequently contains methamphetamine and other active substances, and multidrug 
      use may not have been intentional.
FAU - Black, David L
AU  - Black DL
AD  - Aegis Sciences Corporation, 515 Great Circle Road, Nashville, Tennessee 37228, 
      USA.
FAU - Cawthon, Beverly
AU  - Cawthon B
FAU - Robert, Tim
AU  - Robert T
FAU - Moser, Frank
AU  - Moser F
FAU - Caplan, Yale H
AU  - Caplan YH
FAU - Cone, Edward J
AU  - Cone EJ
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - J Anal Toxicol
JT  - Journal of analytical toxicology
JID - 7705085
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 4764-17-4 (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine/chemistry/urine
MH  - Drug Contamination
MH  - Forensic Toxicology
MH  - Hallucinogens/chemistry/*urine
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/chemistry/*urine
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/chemistry/*urine
MH  - Prevalence
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/methods
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology
MH  - United States/epidemiology
MH  - Young Adult
EDAT- 2009/04/18 09:00
MHDA- 2009/06/23 09:00
CRDT- 2009/04/18 09:00
PHST- 2009/04/18 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2009/04/18 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2009/06/23 09:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1093/jat/33.3.143 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Anal Toxicol. 2009 Apr;33(3):143-7. doi: 10.1093/jat/33.3.143.