PMID- 19680960
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20100512
LR  - 20090814
IS  - 1944-0057 (Electronic)
IS  - 1944-0057 (Linking)
VI  - 26
IP  - 6
DP  - 2009 Jun
TI  - Pesticide residues in apples grown under a conventional and integrated pest 
      management system.
PG  - 854-8
LID - 10.1080/02652030902726060 [doi]
AB  - This paper describes method validation for determination of more than 40 
      pesticides in apples using a GC technique. Target compounds belonged to the 
      organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamates, pyrethroids, triazoles, 
      dicarboximides and strobilurins groups, among others. Sample preparation 
      consisted of acetone extraction and subsequent cleanup/concentration by SPE with 
      a polymer-based sorbent. Single quadrupole GC-MS operating in SIM mode and 
      electron impact ionization was used for identification and quantification of the 
      pesticides. Average recoveries for analytes ranged between 70 and 110% at three 
      fortification levels - 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg(-1). Relative standard deviations 
      were lower than 20% for all tested compounds. Calculated limits of detection and 
      limits of quantification were below 0.01 mg kg(-1), which were sufficiently low 
      compared to the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by European 
      legislation. The proposed method was applied for determination of pesticide 
      residue in four selected apple varieties after harvesting. Whole and processed 
      fruits (peel and peeled fruits) were analyzed from different treatment systems: 
      two conventional, one based on integrated pest management (IPM) and two variants 
      based on organic production (controls). Higher levels of pesticide residues were 
      found in apple fruits under conventional conditions. Fenitrothion and 
      chlorpyrifos residues were detected frequently in apple peel at concentrations up 
      to 0.45 and 0.77 mg kg(-1), respectively. The levels found in the whole fruits of 
      the same samples were much lower than in peel and below the respective MRLs (0.5 
      mg kg(-1) for both pesticides). Measurable residues of triadimenol only, up to 
      0.05 mg kg(-1), concentrated in the peel, were found in the apples from IPM.
FAU - Mladenova, R
AU  - Mladenova R
AD  - Toxicology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Kostinbrod 2230, Bulgaria. 
      rmladenova@gmail.com
FAU - Shtereva, D
AU  - Shtereva D
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - England
TA  - Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess
JT  - Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & 
      risk assessment
JID - 101485040
RN  - 0 (Pesticide Residues)
SB  - IM
MH  - Bulgaria
MH  - Food Contamination/*analysis/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Fruit/*chemistry
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods
MH  - Malus/*chemistry
MH  - Pest Control/methods
MH  - Pesticide Residues/*analysis
EDAT- 2009/08/15 09:00
MHDA- 2010/05/13 06:00
CRDT- 2009/08/15 09:00
PHST- 2009/08/15 09:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2009/08/15 09:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2010/05/13 06:00 [medline]
AID - 912638247 [pii]
AID - 10.1080/02652030902726060 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2009 
      Jun;26(6):854-8. doi: 10.1080/02652030902726060.