PMID- 19744561
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20091214
LR  - 20091016
IS  - 1879-0240 (Electronic)
IS  - 0965-1748 (Linking)
VI  - 39
IP  - 10
DP  - 2009 Oct
TI  - Identification and characterization of eleven glutathione S-transferase genes 
      from the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae).
PG  - 745-54
LID - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.08.010 [doi]
AB  - Eleven cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were sequenced and 
      characterized in Chironomus tentans, an ecologically important aquatic midge. 
      Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven GSTs in three different cytosolic classes 
      including 4 in sigma (CtGSTs1, CtGSTs2, CtGSTs3, CtGSTs4), 2 in delta (CtGSTd1, 
      CtGSTd2), and 1 in omega (CtGSTo1). The remaining four GSTs (CtGSTu1, CtGSTu2, 
      CtGSTu3, CtGSTu4) were unclassified due to their low relatedness to currently 
      known classes of insect GSTs. Reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR analysis of the 11 
      GST genes showed that CtGSTd1, CtGSTu2, CtGSTu4, CtGSTs1, CtGSTs2, CtGSTs3, 
      CtGSTs4 and CtGSTo1 were expressed in all tissues examined, including salivary 
      glands, hemolymph, midgut, Malpighian tubules, fatbodies and carcass, whereas 
      CtGSTd2 and CtGSTu1 were expressed in a limited number of tissues. CtGSTs1 and 
      CtGSTs4 appeared to be the only two genes, of which expressions can be detected 
      in eggs, whereas all the 11 GST genes showed various expression patterns in the 
      four larval instars. However, expressions of CtGSTd2, CtGSTu1 and CtGSTu2 were 
      not detectable in pupal and adult stages. Real-time quantitative PCR confirmed 
      that the herbicide alachlor increased CtGSTd1, CtGSTs2 and CtGSTs3 gene 
      expression by 2.1-, 2.8- and 4.3-fold, respectively, when fourth-instar midges 
      were exposed to alachlor at 1000 microg/L for 72 h. Such increased gene 
      expressions were associated with 2.2- and 1.8-fold decreases of total GST 
      activities in vivo when CDNB and DCNB were used as substrates, respectively. 
      Further studies showed that 65.5 and 73.5% of GST activities were inhibited in 
      vitro by alachlor at 100 and 1000 microg/L, respectively. Because alachlor has 
      been known as an electrophilic substrate that can be conjugated by glutathione 
      (GSH), rapid in vitro inhibition of GST activities by alachlor suggested that 
      decreased GST activities were likely caused by the depletion of GSH. However, 
      alachlor may regulate different GST genes, as found in other organisms, leading 
      to significantly increased transcriptional levels of CtGSTd1, CtGSTs2 and CtGSTs3 
      in out of 11 GST genes examined in this study.
FAU - Li, Xiuwei
AU  - Li X
AD  - R&D Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, China.
FAU - Zhang, Xin
AU  - Zhang X
FAU - Zhang, Jianzhen
AU  - Zhang J
FAU - Zhang, Xing
AU  - Zhang X
FAU - Starkey, Sharon R
AU  - Starkey SR
FAU - Zhu, Kun Yan
AU  - Zhu KY
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20090908
PL  - England
TA  - Insect Biochem Mol Biol
JT  - Insect biochemistry and molecular biology
JID - 9207282
RN  - 0 (Insect Proteins)
RN  - EC 2.5.1.18 (Glutathione Transferase)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amino Acid Sequence
MH  - Animals
MH  - Chironomidae/chemistry/classification/*enzymology/*genetics
MH  - Fresh Water/parasitology
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
MH  - Glutathione Transferase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
MH  - Insect Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
MH  - Molecular Sequence Data
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - Sequence Alignment
EDAT- 2009/09/12 06:00
MHDA- 2009/12/16 06:00
CRDT- 2009/09/12 06:00
PHST- 2009/03/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2009/08/25 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2009/08/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2009/09/12 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2009/09/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2009/12/16 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0965-1748(09)00130-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.08.010 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2009 Oct;39(10):745-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.08.010. 
      Epub 2009 Sep 8.