PMID- 19815253
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20100907
LR  - 20240109
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 408
IP  - 15
DP  - 2010 Jul 1
TI  - Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment--trends and new candidates.
PG  - 2885-918
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037 [doi]
AB  - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to 10 bromines are 
      ubiquitous in the Arctic, in both abiotic and biotic samples. 
      Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is also ubiquitous in the Arctic, with the 
      gamma-HBCD isomer predominating in air, the alpha-HBCD isomer predominating in 
      biota and similar concentrations of alpha-, beta- and gamma-HBCD found in marine 
      sediments. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) found in some Arctic samples 
      are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 
      1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HxBBz), 
      pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 
      1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH). Temporal trends of tetra- to 
      heptaBDEs and HBCD show increasing concentrations or a tendency to levelling off 
      depending on the matrix (air, sediment, biota) and location, but no uniform 
      picture for the Arctic emerges. BDE-209 concentrations are increasing in air. 
      PBDEs and HBCD spatial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those 
      seen previously for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with highest concentrations 
      found in organisms from East Greenland and Svalbard. These trends indicate 
      western Europe and eastern North America as important source regions of these 
      compounds via long range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. Latitudinal 
      trends showed lower concentrations and fluxes of PBDEs at higher latitudes. The 
      tetra-hexaBDEs and alpha-HBCD biomagnify in Arctic food webs. Results for BDE-209 
      are more conflicting, showing either only low or no biomagnification potential. 
      PBDE and HBCD concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in 
      marine top predators such as some killer whale populations in Alaska and glaucous 
      gulls from the Barents Sea area. Higher concentrations are seen near populated 
      areas indicating local sources. Findings of BTBPE, HxBBz, PBEB, PBT and TBECH in 
      seabirds and/or marine mammals indicate that these compounds reach the Arctic, 
      most probably by long range atmospheric transport and accumulate in higher 
      trophic level organisms and that increasing use as PBDE replacements will lead to 
      increasing concentrations.
CI  - Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - de Wit, Cynthia A
AU  - de Wit CA
AD  - Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 
      Stockholm, Sweden. cynthia.de.wit@itm.su.se
FAU - Herzke, Dorte
AU  - Herzke D
FAU - Vorkamp, Katrin
AU  - Vorkamp K
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20091007
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Brominated)
RN  - 0 (Soil)
RN  - 5I9835JO3M (hexabromocyclododecane)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Arctic Regions
MH  - Atmosphere/chemistry
MH  - Birds/metabolism
MH  - *Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Environmental Pollutants/*analysis/metabolism
MH  - Environmental Pollution/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Fishes/metabolism
MH  - Flame Retardants/*analysis/metabolism
MH  - Fresh Water/chemistry
MH  - Geologic Sediments/chemistry
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis/metabolism
MH  - Hydrocarbons, Brominated/*analysis/metabolism
MH  - Invertebrates/metabolism
MH  - Mammals/metabolism
MH  - Seawater/chemistry
MH  - Soil/analysis
MH  - Time
RF  - 144
EDAT- 2009/10/10 06:00
MHDA- 2010/09/08 06:00
CRDT- 2009/10/10 06:00
PHST- 2009/05/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2009/08/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2009/08/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2009/10/10 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2009/10/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2010/09/08 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(09)00805-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2010 Jul 1;408(15):2885-918. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037. Epub 2009 Oct 7.