PMID- 19847705
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20091214
LR  - 20160526
IS  - 1093-4529 (Print)
IS  - 1093-4529 (Linking)
VI  - 44
IP  - 12
DP  - 2009 Oct
TI  - Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic and carboxylic acids: a critical review of 
      physicochemical properties, levels and patterns in waters and wastewaters, and 
      treatment methods.
PG  - 1145-99
LID - 10.1080/10934520903139811 [doi]
AB  - Perfluorinated acids (PFAs) are an emerging class of environmental contaminants 
      present in various environmental and biological matrices. Two major PFA 
      subclasses are the perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and carboxylic acids 
      (PFCAs). The physicochemical properties and partitioning behavior for the linear 
      PFA members are poorly understood and widely debated. Even less is known about 
      the numerous branched congeners with varying perfluoroalkyl chain lengths, 
      leading to confounding issues around attempts to constrain the properties of 
      PFAs. Current computational methods are not adequate for reliable multimedia 
      modeling efforts and risk assessments. These compounds are widely present in 
      surface, ground, marine, and drinking waters at concentrations that vary from pg 
      L(-1) to microg L(-1). Concentration gradients of up to several orders of 
      magnitude are observed in all types of aquatic systems and reflect proximity to 
      known industrial sources concentrated near populated regions. Some wastewaters 
      contain PFAs at mg L(-1) to low g L(-1) levels, or up to 10 orders of magnitude 
      higher than present in more pristine receiving waters. With the exception of 
      trifluoroacetic acid, which is thought to have both significant natural and 
      anthropogenic sources, all PFSAs and PFCAs are believed to arise from human 
      activities. Filtration and sorption technologies offer the most promising 
      existing removal methods for PFAs in aqueous waste streams, although sonochemical 
      approaches hold promise. Additional studies need to be conducted to better define 
      opportunities from evaporative, extractive, thermal, advanced oxidative, direct 
      and catalyzed photochemical, reductive, and biodegradation methods. Most PFA 
      treatment methods exhibit slow kinetic profiles, hindering their direct 
      application in conventional low hydraulic residence time systems.
FAU - Rayne, Sierra
AU  - Rayne S
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 
      rayne.sierra@gmail.com
FAU - Forest, Kaya
AU  - Forest K
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng
JT  - Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & 
      environmental engineering
JID - 9812551
RN  - 0 (Alkanesulfonic Acids)
RN  - 0 (Fatty Acids)
RN  - 0 (Fluorocarbons)
RN  - 0 (Micelles)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Alkanesulfonic Acids/*chemistry
MH  - Fatty Acids/*chemistry
MH  - Fluorocarbons/*chemistry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Micelles
MH  - Solubility
MH  - Volatilization
MH  - Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods
MH  - Water/*chemistry
MH  - Water Purification
MH  - Water Supply/*analysis
RF  - 260
EDAT- 2009/10/23 06:00
MHDA- 2009/12/16 06:00
CRDT- 2009/10/23 06:00
PHST- 2009/10/23 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2009/10/23 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2009/12/16 06:00 [medline]
AID - 914497481 [pii]
AID - 10.1080/10934520903139811 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2009 Oct;44(12):1145-99. 
      doi: 10.1080/10934520903139811.