PMID- 20420577
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20101215
LR  - 20190917
IS  - 1873-4316 (Electronic)
IS  - 1389-2010 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 5
DP  - 2010 Aug
TI  - MDMA toxicity and pathological consequences: a review about experimental data and 
      autopsy findings.
PG  - 500-9
AB  - Studies conducted in humans or in animals explored the presence, nature and 
      potential causes of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) toxicity. According 
      to literature, there are four principal types of such serious toxicity: hepatic, 
      cardiovascular, cerebral and hyperpyrexic. The molecular mechanisms involved in 
      the genesis of these toxic effects are not yet fully clarified, but the oxidative 
      stress, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction appear to be causal events 
      that converge to mediate MDMA-induced toxicity. Studies conducted on animals 
      demonstrated that the acute administration of MDMA elicits cardiovascular 
      responses that are similar to those elicited by d-amphetamine, and that these 
      responses appear to involve catecholaminergic and non-catecholaminergic-dependent 
      mechanisms. Although there is undeniable evidence of MDMA-induced cardiac 
      toxicity, the mechanism responsible remains to be clarified. While many reports 
      both in humans and in animals have demonstrated MDMA-induced liver damage, the 
      underlying mechanism accounting for hepatic toxicity is poorly understood. 
      Various mechanisms may contribute to MDMA-induced liver toxicity, including the 
      metabolism of MDMA, the increased efflux of neurotransmitters, the oxidation of 
      biogenic amines, and hyperthermia. The molecular mechanisms involved in the 
      genesis of these toxic effects are not yet fully clarified, but the oxidative 
      stress, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction appear to be causal events 
      that converge to mediate MDMA-induced neurotoxicity, as measured by loss of 
      various markers of dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals. The evidence is 
      overwhelming that MDMA produces acute and long-lasting toxic anatomic effects in 
      animals and humans. Anatomical and functional MDMA consequences must be better 
      understood.
FAU - Turillazzi, Emanuela
AU  - Turillazzi E
AD  - Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
FAU - Riezzo, Irene
AU  - Riezzo I
FAU - Neri, Margherita
AU  - Neri M
FAU - Bello, Stefania
AU  - Bello S
FAU - Fineschi, Vittorio
AU  - Fineschi V
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Curr Pharm Biotechnol
JT  - Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
JID - 100960530
RN  - 0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Humans
MH  - Metabolic Clearance Rate
MH  - Multiple Organ Failure/*chemically induced/*metabolism
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/*pharmacokinetics/*toxicity
MH  - Organ Specificity
MH  - *Postmortem Changes
MH  - Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism
MH  - Species Specificity
MH  - Tissue Distribution
EDAT- 2010/04/28 06:00
MHDA- 2010/12/16 06:00
CRDT- 2010/04/28 06:00
PHST- 2010/01/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2010/02/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2010/04/28 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/04/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2010/12/16 06:00 [medline]
AID - BSP/CPB/E-Pub/0066-11-5 [pii]
AID - 10.2174/138920110791591481 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010 Aug;11(5):500-9. doi: 10.2174/138920110791591481.