PMID- 20447786
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20101029
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1872-6283 (Electronic)
IS  - 0379-0738 (Linking)
VI  - 200
IP  - 1-3
DP  - 2010 Jul 15
TI  - Estimation of illicit drugs consumption by wastewater analysis in Paris area 
      (France).
PG  - 153-60
LID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.007 [doi]
AB  - Illicit drugs consumption is actually an important public health concern that 
      needs to be well defined to be managed. A new method, expressed as sewage 
      epidemiology has been proposed by Daughton and developed by Zuccato. This method 
      involves estimating the consumption from the measurement of drug residues in 
      sewage. Several studies have been carried out, leading to an assessment of drugs 
      consumption in some European countries. This work, carried out in Paris area 
      (France) brings new data to this assessment and allows a comparison of cocaine 
      and MDMA consumptions with European estimations. Four wastewater treatment plants 
      (WWTPs) have been retained for the study, taking into account biological 
      treatment, volume capacity, geographic location and social environment. Cocaine 
      and its major metabolite benzoylecgonine (BZE), amphetamine, 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and buprenorphine were measured in raw 
      water and WWTP effluent using HPLC-MS/MS after SPE extraction. Amphetamine was 
      rarely detected. Cocaine and BZE were quantified at levels from 5 to 282 ng L(-1) 
      and 15 to 849 ng L(-1), respectively. MDMA and buprenorphine concentrations 
      remained under 20 ng L(-1). Cocaine consumption was estimated from cocaine or BZE 
      concentrations measured in raw water and the results showed significant 
      difference in drug taking during week or weekend. The estimated doses observed in 
      this study are lower than those reported for others countries, especially Spain 
      and Italy. MDMA consumption was estimated at lower levels than cocaine.
CI  - (c) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Karolak, Sara
AU  - Karolak S
AD  - Laboratoire Sante Publique Environnement, Universite Paris-Sud 11, Faculte de 
      Pharmacie, UMR CNRS 8079, 5 rue JB Clement, 92 290 Chatenay-Malabry, France. 
      sara.karolak@u-psud.fr
FAU - Nefau, Thomas
AU  - Nefau T
FAU - Bailly, Emilie
AU  - Bailly E
FAU - Solgadi, Audrey
AU  - Solgadi A
FAU - Levi, Yves
AU  - Levi Y
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20100505
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Forensic Sci Int
JT  - Forensic science international
JID - 7902034
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Sewage)
RN  - 40D3SCR4GZ (Buprenorphine)
RN  - 5353I8I6YS (benzoylecgonine)
RN  - CK833KGX7E (Amphetamine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amphetamine/analysis
MH  - Buprenorphine/analysis
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
MH  - Cocaine/analogs & derivatives/analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Mass Spectrometry
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/analysis
MH  - Paris
MH  - Sewage/*chemistry
EDAT- 2010/05/08 06:00
MHDA- 2010/10/30 06:00
CRDT- 2010/05/08 06:00
PHST- 2009/12/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2010/03/31 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2010/04/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2010/05/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/05/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2010/10/30 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0379-0738(10)00179-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.007 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Forensic Sci Int. 2010 Jul 15;200(1-3):153-60. doi: 
      10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.007. Epub 2010 May 5.