PMID- 20803788
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20110215
LR  - 20211020
IS  - 1540-0514 (Electronic)
IS  - 1073-2322 (Print)
IS  - 1073-2322 (Linking)
VI  - 34
IP  - 3
DP  - 2010 Sep
TI  - Impact of anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia technique on the inflammatory 
      cytokine profile in a rodent model of severe burn injury.
PG  - 261-8
AB  - Anesthetics used in burn and trauma animal models may be influencing results by 
      modulating inflammatory and acute-phase responses. Accordingly, we determined the 
      effects of various anesthetics, analgesia, and euthanasia techniques in a rodent 
      burn model. Isoflurane (ISO), ketamine-xylazine (KX), or pentobarbital (PEN) with 
      or without buprenorphine were administered before scald-burn in 72 rats that were 
      euthanized without anesthesia by decapitation after 24 h and compared with 
      unburned shams. In a second experiment, 120 rats underwent the same scald-burn 
      injury using KX, and 24 h later were euthanized under anesthesia or carbon 
      dioxide (CO2). In addition, we compared euthanasia by exsanguination with that of 
      decapitation. Serum cytokine levels were determined by an enzyme-linked 
      immunosorbent assay. In the first experiment, ISO was associated with elevation 
      of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2 (CINC-2) and monocyte 
      chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and KX and PEN was associated with elevation of 
      CINC-1,CINC-2, IL-6, and MCP-1. Pentobarbital also decreased IL-1". IL-6 
      increased significantly when ISO or PEN were combined with buprenorphine. In the 
      second experiment, euthanasia performed by exsanguination under ISO was 
      associated with reduced levels of IL-1", CINC-1, CINC-2, and MCP-1, whereas KX 
      reduced CINC-2 and increased IL-6 levels. Meanwhile, PEN reduced levels of IL-1" 
      and MCP-1, and CO2 reduced CINC-2 and MCP-1. In addition,decapitation after KX, 
      PEN, or CO2 decreased IL-1" and MCP-1, although we found no significant 
      difference between ISO and controls. Euthanasia by exsanguination compared with 
      decapitation using the same agent also led to modulation of several cytokines. 
      Differential expression of inflammatory markers with the use of anesthetics and 
      analgesics should be considered when designing animal studies and interpreting 
      results because these seem to have a significant modulating impact. Our findings 
      indicate that brief anesthesia with ISO immediately before euthanasia by 
      decapitation exerted the least dampening effect on the cytokines measured. 
      Conversely, KX with buprenorphine may offer a better balance during longer 
      procedures to avoid significant modulation. Standardization across all 
      experiments that are compared and awareness of these findings are essential for 
      those investigating the pathophysiology of inflammation in animal models.
FAU - Al-Mousawi, Ahmed M
AU  - Al-Mousawi AM
AD  - University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
FAU - Kulp, Gabriela A
AU  - Kulp GA
FAU - Branski, Ludwik K
AU  - Branski LK
FAU - Kraft, Robert
AU  - Kraft R
FAU - Mecott, Gabriel A
AU  - Mecott GA
FAU - Williams, Felicia N
AU  - Williams FN
FAU - Herndon, David N
AU  - Herndon DN
FAU - Jeschke, Marc G
AU  - Jeschke MG
LA  - eng
GR  - P50-GM60338/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - T32-GM08256/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 GM056687/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P50 GM060338/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 GM56687/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - T32 GM008256/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 GM087285/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - Shock
JT  - Shock (Augusta, Ga.)
JID - 9421564
RN  - 0 (Analgesics)
RN  - 0 (Anesthetics)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 142M471B3J (Carbon Dioxide)
RN  - 2KFG9TP5V8 (Xylazine)
RN  - 40D3SCR4GZ (Buprenorphine)
RN  - 690G0D6V8H (Ketamine)
RN  - CYS9AKD70P (Isoflurane)
RN  - I4744080IR (Pentobarbital)
SB  - IM
MH  - Acute-Phase Reaction/physiopathology
MH  - *Analgesia
MH  - Analgesics/pharmacology
MH  - *Anesthesia, General
MH  - Anesthetics/pharmacology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Buprenorphine/pharmacology
MH  - Burns/*blood/immunology/physiopathology/therapy
MH  - Carbon Dioxide/pharmacology
MH  - Cytokines/blood/*metabolism
MH  - Decapitation
MH  - *Euthanasia, Animal/methods
MH  - Inflammation/*blood/etiology/physiopathology
MH  - Isoflurane/pharmacology
MH  - Ketamine/pharmacology
MH  - Male
MH  - *Models, Animal
MH  - Pentobarbital/pharmacology
MH  - Random Allocation
MH  - Rats
MH  - Rats, Sprague-Dawley
MH  - Shock, Hemorrhagic
MH  - Xylazine/pharmacology
PMC - PMC3827633
MID - NIHMS319901
EDAT- 2010/08/31 06:00
MHDA- 2011/02/16 06:00
PMCR- 2013/11/14
CRDT- 2010/08/31 06:00
PHST- 2010/08/31 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/08/31 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2011/02/16 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2013/11/14 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181d8e2a6 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Shock. 2010 Sep;34(3):261-8. doi: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181d8e2a6.