PMID- 20826665
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20101004
LR  - 20220309
IS  - 1529-2401 (Electronic)
IS  - 0270-6474 (Print)
IS  - 0270-6474 (Linking)
VI  - 30
IP  - 36
DP  - 2010 Sep 8
TI  - Delays conferred by escalating costs modulate dopamine release to rewards but not 
      their predictors.
PG  - 12020-7
LID - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2691-10.2010 [doi]
AB  - Efficient reward seeking is essential for survival and invariably requires 
      overcoming costs, such as physical effort and delay, which are constantly 
      changing in natural settings. Dopamine transmission has been implicated in 
      decisions weighing the benefits and costs of obtaining a reward, but it is still 
      unclear how dynamically changing effort and delay costs affect dopamine signaling 
      to rewards and related stimuli. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, we examined 
      phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) core and shell during 
      reward-seeking behavior in rats. To manipulate the effort and time needed to earn 
      a reward, we used instrumental tasks in which the response requirements (number 
      of lever presses) were either fixed throughout a behavioral session [fixed ratio 
      (FR)] or systematically increased from trial to trial [progressive ratio (PR)]. 
      Dopamine release evoked by cues denoting reward availability was no different 
      between these conditions, indicating insensitivity to escalating effort or delay 
      costs. In contrast, dopamine release to reward delivery in both the NAcc core and 
      shell increased in PR, but not in FR, sessions. This enhancement of reward-evoked 
      dopamine signaling was also observed in sessions in which the response 
      requirement was fixed but the delay to reward delivery increased, yoked to 
      corresponding trials in PR sessions. These findings suggest that delay, and not 
      effort, was principally responsible for the increased reward-evoked dopamine 
      release in PR sessions. Together, these data demonstrate that NAcc dopamine 
      release to rewards and their predictors are dissociable and differentially 
      regulated by the delays conferred under escalating costs.
FAU - Wanat, Matthew J
AU  - Wanat MJ
AD  - Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Pharmacology, University 
      of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6560, USA.
FAU - Kuhnen, Camelia M
AU  - Kuhnen CM
FAU - Phillips, Paul E M
AU  - Phillips PE
LA  - eng
GR  - R21-AG030775/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - T32 AA007455/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 AG030775/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - F32 DA026273/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA016782/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 MH079292/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - F32 DA026273-01A2/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - T32 AA007455-21/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - T32-AA009455/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - F32-DA026273/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 AG030775-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA016782-05A1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01-DA016782/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 MH079292-01A1/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PL  - United States
TA  - J Neurosci
JT  - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for 
      Neuroscience
JID - 8102140
RN  - VTD58H1Z2X (Dopamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Analysis of Variance
MH  - Animals
MH  - Behavior, Animal
MH  - Conditioning, Operant/*physiology
MH  - Cues
MH  - Dopamine/*metabolism
MH  - Electrochemistry/methods
MH  - Male
MH  - Nucleus Accumbens/anatomy & histology/*metabolism
MH  - Rats
MH  - Rats, Sprague-Dawley
MH  - Reinforcement Schedule
MH  - *Reward
MH  - Time Factors
PMC - PMC2946195
MID - NIHMS234057
EDAT- 2010/09/10 06:00
MHDA- 2010/10/05 06:00
PMCR- 2011/03/08
CRDT- 2010/09/10 06:00
PHST- 2010/09/10 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/09/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2010/10/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2011/03/08 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 30/36/12020 [pii]
AID - 3625148 [pii]
AID - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2691-10.2010 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 8;30(36):12020-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2691-10.2010.