PMID- 20844809
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20110121
LR  - 20100916
IS  - 1658-3175 (Electronic)
IS  - 0379-5284 (Linking)
VI  - 31
IP  - 9
DP  - 2010 Sep
TI  - Genotype and antiretroviral drug resistance of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in 
      Saudi Arabia.
PG  - 987-92
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze antiretroviral drug resistance and determine the genotype 
      of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in Saudi patients by sequencing an 
      amplified region of the viral pol gene. METHODS: This retrospective study 
      analyzed data from plasma samples submitted for genotypic drug sensitivity 
      monitoring. Samples were analyzed at the Special Infectious Agent Unit, King Fahd 
      Medical Research Center of King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi 
      Arabia from August 2004 to June 2009. The Viroseq2.5 kit (Celera/Abbott) was used 
      with ABI Prism 3100 sequencer. All patients were Saudi nationals and were on 
      antiretroviral therapy, some experiencing treatment failure. RESULTS: Based on 
      protease region (PR), genotypes of 63 samples were as follows: C:22, G:21, B:9, 
      CRF02_AG:5, D:3, A:1, F:1, and J:1. Based on reverse transcriptase region (RT), 
      genotypes were as follows: C:23, G:24, B:9, CRF02_AG: 2, D:2, A:1, and F:1. 
      Antiretroviral susceptibility testing results were as follows: 52% of the 
      isolates were susceptible to all 3 major classes of antiretroviral drugs used, 
      41% had mutations known to confer high level resistance to one or more of the 
      nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 16% had mutations known to 
      confer high level resistance to non-nucleoside analogues reverse transcriptase 
      inhibitors, 13% had mutations known to confer high level resistance to one or 
      more of the protease inhibitors (PI). Most isolates were susceptible to 2 or at 
      least one class of antiretroviral, and only 3% of the isolates had resistance to 
      several members of all 3 classes. CONCLUSION: Antiretroviral resistance is not 
      uncommon in Saudi patients on antiretroviral therapy.
FAU - Jamjoom, Ghazi A
AU  - Jamjoom GA
AD  - Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, King Fahd Medical Research Center, 
      PO Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. gjamjoom1@yahoo.com
FAU - Azhar, Esam I
AU  - Azhar EI
FAU - Madani, Tariq A
AU  - Madani TA
FAU - Hindawi, Salwa I
AU  - Hindawi SI
FAU - Bakhsh, Hanaa A
AU  - Bakhsh HA
FAU - Damanhouri, Ghazi A
AU  - Damanhouri GA
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - Saudi Arabia
TA  - Saudi Med J
JT  - Saudi medical journal
JID - 7909441
RN  - 0 (Anti-HIV Agents)
RN  - 0 (HIV Protease Inhibitors)
RN  - 0 (Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors)
SB  - IM
MH  - Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
MH  - Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral/genetics
MH  - Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics
MH  - Genes, pol/genetics
MH  - Genotype
MH  - HIV Infections/*drug therapy/virology
MH  - HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - HIV-1/*drug effects/genetics
MH  - Humans
MH  - Retrospective Studies
MH  - Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Saudi Arabia/epidemiology
MH  - Treatment Failure
EDAT- 2010/09/17 06:00
MHDA- 2011/01/22 06:00
CRDT- 2010/09/17 06:00
PHST- 2010/09/17 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/09/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2011/01/22 06:00 [medline]
AID - 0' [pii]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Saudi Med J. 2010 Sep;31(9):987-92.