PMID- 20875498
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20110908
LR  - 20211203
IS  - 1873-2518 (Electronic)
IS  - 0264-410X (Linking)
VI  - 29
IP  - 16
DP  - 2011 Apr 5
TI  - Haemophilus influenzae type b carriage in Indigenous children and children 
      attending childcare centers in the Northern Territory, Australia, spanning pre- 
      and post-vaccine eras.
PG  - 3083-8
LID - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.030 [doi]
AB  - This paper investigates Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) carriage in 
      Indigenous children and children attending childcare centres in the Northern 
      Territory of Australia, 1992-2005. More than 10 years after the introduction of 
      the Hib conjugate vaccine, Hib carriage persists in Indigenous children (3.4%, 
      2003-2005) and children attending childcare centres (0.2%, 2004). This is the 
      first Australian study to examine Hib carriage spanning the pre- and 
      post-vaccination eras. Increasing carriage rates contribute to Hib disease 
      resurgence especially in those with higher disease burdens, such as remote 
      Indigenous Australians, ongoing carriage surveillance provides a sentinel warning 
      system for invasive disease. BACKGROUND: Following the introduction of H. 
      influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine to Australia in 1993 as a three dose 
      (2, 4, 12 month) schedule, the incidence of Hib disease decreased dramatically in 
      children, especially in those aged under 5 years. We investigate Hib carriage in 
      Indigenous children and children attending childcare centres from the Northern 
      Territory (NT) of Australia between 1992 and 2005. We report Hib carriage rates 
      in this well vaccinated population, with previously documented high rates of 
      invasive disease. METHODS: Hib carriage was reviewed in nasopharyngeal or nasal 
      swabs collected between 1992 and 2005; from over 2000 children (61% Indigenous) 
      aged 0-6 years enrolled in 7 otitis media or carriage surveillance studies in the 
      NT. RESULTS: More than 10 years after the introduction of the Hib conjugate 
      vaccine, Hib carriage persists at low levels, but at a higher rate in Indigenous 
      children (3.4%, 2003-2005) than children attending childcare centres (0.2%, 
      2004), in the NT of Australia. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first Australian study to 
      examine Hib carriage spanning the pre- and post-vaccination eras. Ongoing 
      carriage surveillance provides a sentinel warning system for invasive disease. 
      This notifies public health professionals of potential invasive disease, creating 
      early warning systems for intervention if Australian Indigenous children or 
      children attending childcare centres are to follow current international trends 
      associated with high rates of carriage preceding invasive disease-despite high 
      vaccination rates. Internationally there is growing concern that increasing 
      carriage rates are the driving force behind Hib disease resurgence especially in 
      those with higher disease burdens, such as remote Indigenous Australians. Changes 
      to the vaccination schedule from PRP-OMPC (PedvaxHIB((R))), to PRP-T (2, 4, 6, 12 
      months) from January 2010-may affect carriage and in time, invasive disease 
      rates. This work is important for national and International comparisons as well 
      as feeding back information to vaccine policy makers of the Hib carriage 
      environment throughout this period.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Jacups, Susan P
AU  - Jacups SP
AD  - Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin 
      University, Darwin, Australia. susan.jacups2@jcu.edu.au
FAU - Morris, Peter S
AU  - Morris PS
FAU - Leach, Amanda J
AU  - Leach AJ
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20100925
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Vaccine
JT  - Vaccine
JID - 8406899
RN  - 0 (Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Haemophilus Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (Haemophilus influenzae-type b polysaccharide-Neisseria meningitidis outer 
      membrane protein conjugate vaccine)
RN  - 0 (Polysaccharides, Bacterial)
SB  - IM
MH  - Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
MH  - Carrier State/*epidemiology
MH  - Child
MH  - Child Day Care Centers/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Female
MH  - Haemophilus Infections/*epidemiology
MH  - Haemophilus Vaccines/administration & dosage
MH  - Haemophilus influenzae type b/*isolation & purification
MH  - Humans
MH  - Infant
MH  - Male
MH  - Nasopharynx/microbiology
MH  - Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Northern Territory/epidemiology
MH  - Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage
MH  - Prevalence
MH  - *Vaccination
EDAT- 2010/09/30 06:00
MHDA- 2011/09/09 06:00
CRDT- 2010/09/30 06:00
PHST- 2010/05/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2010/09/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2010/09/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2010/09/30 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/09/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2011/09/09 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0264-410X(10)01340-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.030 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Vaccine. 2011 Apr 5;29(16):3083-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.030. Epub 2010 
      Sep 25.