PMID- 21031178
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20110425
LR  - 20220316
IS  - 1464-0333 (Electronic)
IS  - 1464-0325 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 1
DP  - 2011 Jan
TI  - Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the aquatic environment: a review of their 
      occurrence and fate.
PG  - 20-31
LID - 10.1039/c0em00373e [doi]
AB  - The occurrence and fate of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the aquatic 
      environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental 
      chemistry. PFCs comprise a diverse group of chemicals that are widely used as 
      processing additives during fluoropolymer production and as surfactants in 
      consumer applications for over 50 years. PFCs are known to be persistent, 
      bioaccumulative and have possible adverse effects on humans and wildlife. As a 
      result, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been added to the persistent organic 
      pollutants (POPs) list of the Stockholm Convention in May 2009. However, their 
      homologues, neutral precursor compounds and new PFCs classes continue to be 
      produced. In general, several PFCs from different classes have been detected 
      ubiquitously in the aqueous environment while the concentrations usually range 
      between pg and ng per litre for individual compounds. Sources of PFCs into the 
      aqueous environment are both point sources (e.g., wastewater treatment plant 
      effluents) and nonpoint sources (e.g., surface runoff). The detected congener 
      composition in environmental samples depends on their physicochemical 
      characteristics and may provide information to their sources and transport 
      pathways. However, the dominant transport pathways of individual PFCs to remote 
      regions have not been conclusively characterised to date. The objective of this 
      article is to give an overview on existing knowledge of the occurrence, fate and 
      processes of PFCs in the aquatic environment. Finally, this article identifies 
      knowledge gaps, presents conclusions and recommendations for future work.
FAU - Ahrens, Lutz
AU  - Ahrens L
AD  - Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS 
      Research Centre Geesthacht, D-21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20101028
PL  - England
TA  - J Environ Monit
JT  - Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM
JID - 100968688
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/*analysis/chemistry
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/chemistry
EDAT- 2010/10/30 06:00
MHDA- 2011/04/26 06:00
CRDT- 2010/10/30 06:00
PHST- 2010/10/30 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/10/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2011/04/26 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1039/c0em00373e [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Environ Monit. 2011 Jan;13(1):20-31. doi: 10.1039/c0em00373e. Epub 2010 Oct 28.