PMID- 21076207
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20110120
LR  - 20101115
IS  - 0273-1223 (Print)
IS  - 0273-1223 (Linking)
VI  - 62
IP  - 10
DP  - 2010
TI  - Incremental sanitation improvement strategy: comparison of options for Hanoi, 
      Vietnam.
PG  - 2225-34
LID - 10.2166/wst.2010.508 [doi]
AB  - Urban sanitation issues should be tackled strategically, and may be addressed 
      effectively when sewage development is pursued in conjunction with complementary 
      sanitation measures. Five sanitation improvement scenarios employing sewage, 
      night-soil collection-and-treatment (NSCT) system, and/or septic-tank improvement 
      by annual dislodging were analyzed from the perspective of COD loads, total 
      nitrogen loads, and cost under the conditions found in Hanoi, Vietnam. Compared 
      to the development of sewage alone, the scenario of developing NSCT systems in a 
      complementary manner with sewage development was estimated to be the most 
      effective for a rapid decrease of both COD and total nitrogen loads. However, it 
      may be difficult in some cases to replace ordinary water-flush toilet by the 
      micro-flush toilet that are used in NSCT systems. In this case, the scenario 
      employing septic-tank improvement in conjunction with sewage development may be 
      effective for a rapid decrease of COD in locations where septic tanks are widely 
      used under poor maintenance conditions and nitrogen pollution is not serious 
      compared to COD. It was calculated that the two scenarios above would 
      respectively require cost increases of 16 and 22% over the sewage development 
      scenario.
FAU - Harada, H
AU  - Harada H
AD  - Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, 
      Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan E-mail: 
      h.harada@globeenv.mbox.media.kyoto-u.ac.jp
FAU - Matsui, S
AU  - Matsui S
FAU - Dong, N T
AU  - Dong NT
FAU - Shimizu, Y
AU  - Shimizu Y
FAU - Fujii, S
AU  - Fujii S
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - England
TA  - Water Sci Technol
JT  - Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on 
      Water Pollution Research
JID - 9879497
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Models, Theoretical
MH  - Population Growth
MH  - *Sanitary Engineering
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - Urban Population
MH  - Vietnam
MH  - Water Pollution/prevention & control
EDAT- 2010/11/16 06:00
MHDA- 2011/01/21 06:00
CRDT- 2010/11/16 06:00
PHST- 2010/11/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2010/11/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2011/01/21 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.2166/wst.2010.508 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Water Sci Technol. 2010;62(10):2225-34. doi: 10.2166/wst.2010.508.