PMID- 21331424
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20110722
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1464-0333 (Electronic)
IS  - 1464-0325 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 4
DP  - 2011 Apr
TI  - A one year investigation of the occurrence of illicit drugs in wastewater from 
      Brussels, Belgium.
PG  - 1008-16
LID - 10.1039/c0em00686f [doi]
AB  - Daily 24 hour composite influent wastewater samples were collected from the 
      wastewater treatment plant of Brussels-North (Belgium) for eight months to study 
      variations in the concentrations and mass loads of nine illicit drugs and 
      metabolites: cocaine (COC) and its metabolites benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine 
      methyl ester (EME), amphetamine (AMP), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 
      methamphetamine (METH), methadone (MTD) and its metabolite 
      2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and the specific 
      metabolite of heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM). Samples were analyzed using a 
      validated analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and hydrophilic 
      interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The 
      selected compounds could be detected and quantified in all samples. The measured 
      concentrations were in agreement with earlier published concentrations, when 
      available. All illicit drugs showed significant differences in mass loads between 
      months. Daily variations were observed for MDMA, AMP and COC and metabolites, 
      with higher mass loads observed during the weekend. This is probably related to 
      their recreational consumption pattern and was further confirmed when holiday 
      periods (New Year's Eve, Belgian national holiday) were in detail investigated. 
      For METH, 6-MAM, MTD and EDDP, stable and consistent amounts were observed during 
      the week. In all samples, the ratio of the concentration of the parent compound 
      to its metabolite(s) was calculated to evaluate whether measured concentrations 
      reflect human excretion of the illicit drugs. For MTD, the ratio of parent 
      compound/metabolite was in agreement with the excretion pattern, while for COC 
      some deviations were observed, resulting from excretion pattern uncertainties, 
      and stability and discharge issues.
FAU - van Nuijs, Alexander L N
AU  - van Nuijs AL
AD  - Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. alexander.vannuijs@ua.ac.be
FAU - Mougel, Jean-Francois
AU  - Mougel JF
FAU - Tarcomnicu, Isabela
AU  - Tarcomnicu I
FAU - Bervoets, Lieven
AU  - Bervoets L
FAU - Blust, Ronny
AU  - Blust R
FAU - Jorens, Philippe G
AU  - Jorens PG
FAU - Neels, Hugo
AU  - Neels H
FAU - Covaci, Adrian
AU  - Covaci A
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20110218
PL  - England
TA  - J Environ Monit
JT  - Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM
JID - 100968688
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Belgium
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
EDAT- 2011/02/19 06:00
MHDA- 2011/07/23 06:00
CRDT- 2011/02/19 06:00
PHST- 2011/02/19 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/02/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2011/07/23 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1039/c0em00686f [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Environ Monit. 2011 Apr;13(4):1008-16. doi: 10.1039/c0em00686f. Epub 2011 Feb 
      18.