PMID- 21377815
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120604
LR  - 20131121
IS  - 1872-6283 (Electronic)
IS  - 0379-0738 (Linking)
VI  - 215
IP  - 1-3
DP  - 2012 Feb 10
TI  - Simultaneous analysis of psychotropic phenylalkylamines in oral fluid by GC-MS 
      with automated SPE and its application to legal cases.
PG  - 81-7
LID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.02.011 [doi]
AB  - Phenylalkylamine derivatives, such as methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AM), 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 
      phentermine (PT), fenfluramine (FFA) and phenmetrazine (PM), and ketamine (KT) 
      are widely abused recreational or anorectic drugs in Korea and are regulated 
      under the Controlled Substance Act in Korea. Phenylalkylamines and ketamine 
      analysis is normally performed using both urine and hair samples but there is no 
      established method for the simultaneous analysis of all these phenylalkylamines 
      and ketamine in oral fluids. Oral fluid is easy to collect/handle and can provide 
      an indication of recent drug abuse. In this study, to confirm the presence of 
      phenylalkylamine derivatives and ketamine in oral fluid after screening with an 
      immunoassay, an analytical method using automated solid phase extraction (SPE) 
      and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and fully 
      validated according to international guidelines. The applicability of the assay 
      was demonstrated by analyzing of authentic oral fluid samples and the results of 
      oral fluid analysis were compared with those in urine and hair to to evaluate the 
      feasibility of oral fluid in forensic cases. The recovery of phenylalkylamines 
      and ketamine from oral fluid collection devices was also assessed. Oral fluid 
      specimens from 23 drug abuse suspects submitted by the police were collected 
      using Salivette (Sarstedt, Numbrecht, Germany), Quantisal (Immunalysis, Pomona, 
      CA) or direct expectoration. The samples were screened using a biochip array 
      analyzer (Evidence Investigator, Randox, Antrim, UK). For confirmation, the 
      samples were analyzed by GC-MS in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode after 
      extraction using automated SPE (RapidTrace, Zymark, MA, USA) with a mixed-mode 
      cation exchange cartridge (CLEAN SCREEN, 130 mg/3 ml, UCT, PA, USA) and 
      derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFA). The results from the 
      immunoassay were consistent with those from GC-MS. Twenty oral fluid samples gave 
      positive results for MA, AM, PT and/or PM among the 23 cases, which gave positive 
      results in urine and/or hair. Although large variations in the MA, AM, PT and PM 
      concentrations were observed in three different specimens, the oral fluid 
      specimen was useful for demonstrating phenylalkylamines and ketamine abuse as an 
      alternative specimen for urine.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Choi, Hyeyoung
AU  - Choi H
AD  - National Forensic Service, Narcotic Division, 331-1 Sinwol-7-dong, Yangcheon-gu, 
      Seoul 158-707, Republic of Korea. hychoi@nisi.go.kr
FAU - Baeck, Seungkyung
AU  - Baeck S
FAU - Jang, Moonhee
AU  - Jang M
FAU - Lee, Sooyeun
AU  - Lee S
FAU - Choi, Hwakyung
AU  - Choi H
FAU - Chung, Heesun
AU  - Chung H
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20110305
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Forensic Sci Int
JT  - Forensic science international
JID - 7902034
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Central Nervous System Stimulants)
RN  - 2DS058H2CF (Fenfluramine)
RN  - 690G0D6V8H (Ketamine)
RN  - XA501VL3VR (Phenmetrazine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amphetamines/*analysis
MH  - Central Nervous System Stimulants/*analysis
MH  - Fenfluramine/*analysis
MH  - Forensic Toxicology
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Hair/chemistry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Ketamine/*analysis
MH  - Limit of Detection
MH  - Phenmetrazine/*analysis
MH  - Saliva/*chemistry
MH  - Solid Phase Extraction
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
EDAT- 2011/03/08 06:00
MHDA- 2012/06/05 06:00
CRDT- 2011/03/08 06:00
PHST- 2010/09/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2010/12/31 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2011/02/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2011/03/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/03/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/06/05 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0379-0738(11)00073-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.02.011 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Feb 10;215(1-3):81-7. doi: 
      10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.02.011. Epub 2011 Mar 5.