PMID- 21639724
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120206
LR  - 20111018
IS  - 1557-9042 (Electronic)
IS  - 0897-7151 (Linking)
VI  - 28
IP  - 10
DP  - 2011 Oct
TI  - Rodent model of direct cranial blast injury.
PG  - 2155-69
LID - 10.1089/neu.2010.1532 [doi]
AB  - Traumatic brain injury resulting from an explosive blast is one of the most 
      serious wounds suffered by warfighters, yet the effects of explosive blast 
      overpressure directly impacting the head are poorly understood. We developed a 
      rodent model of direct cranial blast injury (dcBI), in which a blast overpressure 
      could be delivered exclusively to the head, precluding indirect brain injury via 
      thoracic transmission of the blast wave. We constructed and validated a Cranium 
      Only Blast Injury Apparatus (COBIA) to deliver blast overpressures generated by 
      detonating .22 caliber cartridges of smokeless powder. Blast waveforms generated 
      by COBIA replicated those recorded within armored vehicles penetrated by 
      munitions. Lethal dcBI (LD(50)  approximately  515 kPa) was associated with: (1) apparent 
      brainstem failure, characterized by immediate opisthotonus and apnea leading to 
      cardiac arrest that could not be overcome by cardiopulmonary resuscitation; (2) 
      widespread subarachnoid hemorrhages without cortical contusions or intracerebral 
      or intraventricular hemorrhages; and (3) no pulmonary abnormalities. Sub-lethal 
      dcBI was associated with: (1) apnea lasting up to 15 sec, with transient 
      abnormalities in oxygen saturation; (2) very few delayed deaths; (3) subarachnoid 
      hemorrhages, especially in the path of the blast wave; (4) abnormal 
      immunolabeling for IgG, cleaved caspase-3, and beta-amyloid precursor protein 
      (beta-APP), and staining for Fluoro-Jade C, all in deep brain regions away from the 
      subarachnoid hemorrhages, but in the path of the blast wave; and (5) 
      abnormalities on the accelerating Rotarod that persisted for the 1 week period of 
      observation. We conclude that exposure of the head alone to severe explosive 
      blast predisposes to significant neurological dysfunction.
FAU - Kuehn, Reed
AU  - Kuehn R
AD  - Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
FAU - Simard, Philippe F
AU  - Simard PF
FAU - Driscoll, Ian
AU  - Driscoll I
FAU - Keledjian, Kaspar
AU  - Keledjian K
FAU - Ivanova, Svetlana
AU  - Ivanova S
FAU - Tosun, Cigdem
AU  - Tosun C
FAU - Williams, Alicia
AU  - Williams A
FAU - Bochicchio, Grant
AU  - Bochicchio G
FAU - Gerzanich, Volodymyr
AU  - Gerzanich V
FAU - Simard, J Marc
AU  - Simard JM
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20110808
PL  - United States
TA  - J Neurotrauma
JT  - Journal of neurotrauma
JID - 8811626
SB  - IM
MH  - Acute Lung Injury/etiology
MH  - Algorithms
MH  - Animals
MH  - Axons/pathology
MH  - Blast Injuries/*pathology
MH  - Brain Edema/etiology/pathology
MH  - Brain Injuries/*pathology
MH  - Disease Models, Animal
MH  - Equipment Design
MH  - Heart Rate/physiology
MH  - Immunohistochemistry
MH  - Male
MH  - Neurons/pathology
MH  - Oximetry
MH  - Postural Balance/physiology
MH  - Pressure
MH  - Rats
MH  - Rats, Long-Evans
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/pathology
MH  - Vestibular Function Tests
MH  - Vestibule, Labyrinth/physiopathology
EDAT- 2011/06/07 06:00
MHDA- 2012/02/07 06:00
CRDT- 2011/06/07 06:00
PHST- 2011/06/07 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/06/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/02/07 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1089/neu.2010.1532 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Neurotrauma. 2011 Oct;28(10):2155-69. doi: 10.1089/neu.2010.1532. Epub 2011 Aug 
      8.