PMID- 21665392
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120604
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1872-6283 (Electronic)
IS  - 0379-0738 (Linking)
VI  - 215
IP  - 1-3
DP  - 2012 Feb 10
TI  - The incidence of drugs of impairment in oral fluid from random roadside testing.
PG  - 28-31
LID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.012 [doi]
AB  - Oral fluid (OF) has become a popular specimen to test for presence of drugs, 
      particularly in regards to road safety. In Victoria, OF specimens from drivers 
      have been used to test for the presence of methylamphetamine (MA) and 
      Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) since 2003 and 
      3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) since 2006. LC-MS/MS has been used 
      to test the most recent 853 submitted OF specimens from Victoria Police for 31 
      drugs of abuse including those listed in the Australian Standard AS4760-2006. At 
      least one proscribed drug was detected in 96% of drivers, of which MA was the 
      most common (77%), followed by THC (42%), MDMA (17%) and the combination of all 
      three (3.9%). Opioids were detected in 14% of drivers of which 4.8% were positive 
      for 6-acetylmorphine and 3.3% for methadone. The incidence of the opioids 
      tramadol (1.2%) and oxycodone (1.1%) were relatively low. Cocaine (8.0%) was as 
      commonly detected as benzodiazepines (8.0%), and was almost always found in 
      combination with MA (7.9%). Samples positive to benzodiazepines were largely due 
      to diazepam (3.5%) and alprazolam (3.4%), with only 0.2% of drivers combining the 
      two. Ketamine was also detected in 1.5% of cases. While the incidences of the 
      proscribed drugs itself are concerning, it is clear that many drivers are also 
      using other drugs capable of causing impairment.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Chu, Mark
AU  - Chu M
AD  - Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia. 
      markc@vifm.org
FAU - Gerostamoulos, Dimitri
AU  - Gerostamoulos D
FAU - Beyer, Jochen
AU  - Beyer J
FAU - Rodda, Luke
AU  - Rodda L
FAU - Boorman, Martin
AU  - Boorman M
FAU - Drummer, Olaf H
AU  - Drummer OH
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20110612
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Forensic Sci Int
JT  - Forensic science international
JID - 7902034
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Narcotics)
SB  - IM
MH  - Australia
MH  - Automobile Driving/*legislation & jurisprudence
MH  - Forensic Toxicology
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/analysis
MH  - Incidence
MH  - Narcotics/*analysis
MH  - Saliva/*chemistry
MH  - *Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology
EDAT- 2011/06/15 06:00
MHDA- 2012/06/05 06:00
CRDT- 2011/06/14 06:00
PHST- 2010/10/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2011/05/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2011/05/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2011/06/14 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/06/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/06/05 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0379-0738(11)00227-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.012 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Feb 10;215(1-3):28-31. doi: 
      10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.012. Epub 2011 Jun 12.