PMID- 21757324
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20111223
LR  - 20240320
IS  - 1573-2509 (Electronic)
IS  - 0920-9964 (Print)
IS  - 0920-9964 (Linking)
VI  - 131
IP  - 1-3
DP  - 2011 Sep
TI  - Theory of Mind in patients at clinical high risk for psychosis.
PG  - 11-7
LID - 10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.005 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia have a decreased ability to interpret the 
      intentions of other individuals, called Theory of Mind (ToM). As capacity for ToM 
      normally advances with brain maturation, research on ToM in individuals at 
      heightened clinical risk for psychosis may reveal developmental differences 
      independent of disease based differences. METHODS: We examined ToM in at clinical 
      high risk and schizophrenia patients as well as healthy controls: 1) 63 clinical 
      high risk (CHR) patients and 24 normal youths ascertained by a CHR program; and 
      2) in 13 schizophrenia cases and 14 normal adults recruited through a 
      schizophrenia program. ToM measures included first- and second-order false belief 
      cartoon tasks (FBT) and two "higher order" tasks ("Strange Stories Task" (SST) 
      and the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" task). In the first study, CHR patients 
      and normal youths were also assessed for cognition, "prodromal" symptoms and 
      social function. RESULTS: Errors on first- and second-order false belief tasks 
      were made primarily by patients. CHR patients and their young comparison group 
      had equivalent performance on higher order ToM, which was not significantly 
      different from the worse ToM performance of schizophrenia patients and the higher 
      performance of normal adult controls. In the combined dataset from both studies, 
      all levels of ToM were associated with IQ, controlling for age and sex. ToM bore 
      no relation to explicit memory, prodromal symptoms, social function, or later 
      transition to psychosis. CONCLUSIONS: Higher order ToM capacity was equally 
      undeveloped in high risk cases and younger controls, suggesting that performance 
      on these tasks is not fully achieved until adulthood. This study also replicates 
      the association of IQ with ToM performance described in previous studies of 
      schizophrenia.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Stanford, Arielle D
AU  - Stanford AD
AD  - Division of Brain Stimulation and Therapeutic Modulation, New York State 
      Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
FAU - Messinger, Julie
AU  - Messinger J
FAU - Malaspina, Dolores
AU  - Malaspina D
FAU - Corcoran, Cheryl M
AU  - Corcoran CM
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 MH59114/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 MH066428-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 MH086125-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 MH086125-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - K23 MH076976-01A1/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 MH086125/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - K23 MH066279-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 MH066428/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - K23 MH076976/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - K23 MH066279/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 MH059114/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - K23 MH076976-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20110714
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Schizophr Res
JT  - Schizophrenia research
JID - 8804207
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/etiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Intelligence
MH  - Male
MH  - Neuropsychological Tests
MH  - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
MH  - Regression Analysis
MH  - Risk
MH  - *Schizophrenia/complications
MH  - *Schizophrenic Psychology
MH  - Social Behavior
MH  - *Theory of Mind
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC3159813
MID - NIHMS312464
COIS- Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of 
      interest.
EDAT- 2011/07/16 06:00
MHDA- 2011/12/24 06:00
PMCR- 2012/09/01
CRDT- 2011/07/16 06:00
PHST- 2010/12/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2011/06/03 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2011/06/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2011/07/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/07/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2011/12/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2012/09/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0920-9964(11)00310-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.005 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Schizophr Res. 2011 Sep;131(1-3):11-7. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.005. Epub 
      2011 Jul 14.