PMID- 21777940
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120222
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1879-1298 (Electronic)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 85
IP  - 6
DP  - 2011 Oct
TI  - Biotic and abiotic degradation of illicit drugs, their precursor, and by-products 
      in soil.
PG  - 1002-9
LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.102 [doi]
AB  - This study presents the first systematic information on the degradation patterns 
      of clandestine drug laboratory chemicals in soil. The persistence of five 
      compounds - parent drugs (methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA)), precursor (pseudoephedrine), and synthetic by-products 
      N-formylmethylamphetamine and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene) - were investigated 
      in laboratory scale for 1 year in three different South Australian soils both 
      under non-sterile and sterile conditions. The results of the degradation study 
      indicated that 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene and methamphetamine persist for a 
      long time in soil compared to MDMA and pseudoephedrine; N-formylmethylamphetamine 
      exhibits intermediate persistence. The role of biotic versus abiotic soil 
      processes on the degradation of target compounds was also varied significantly 
      for different soils as well as with the progress in incubation period. The 
      degradation of methamphetamine and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene can be considered 
      as predominantly biotic as no measureable changes in concentrations were recorded 
      in the sterile soils within a 1 year period. The results of the present work will 
      help forensic and environmental scientists to precisely determine the 
      environmental impact of chemicals associated with clandestine drug manufacturing 
      laboratories.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Pal, Raktim
AU  - Pal R
AD  - Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South 
      Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia.
FAU - Megharaj, Mallavarapu
AU  - Megharaj M
FAU - Kirkbride, K Paul
AU  - Kirkbride KP
FAU - Heinrich, Tunde
AU  - Heinrich T
FAU - Naidu, Ravi
AU  - Naidu R
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20110722
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Soil)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amphetamines/chemistry/metabolism
MH  - *Environmental Pollution
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*chemistry/*metabolism
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/chemistry/metabolism
MH  - Soil/*chemistry
EDAT- 2011/07/23 06:00
MHDA- 2012/02/23 06:00
CRDT- 2011/07/23 06:00
PHST- 2011/03/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2011/06/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2011/06/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2011/07/23 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/07/23 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/02/23 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0045-6535(11)00760-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.102 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2011 Oct;85(6):1002-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.102. Epub 
      2011 Jul 22.