PMID- 21851105
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120125
LR  - 20220408
IS  - 1936-086X (Electronic)
IS  - 1936-0851 (Linking)
VI  - 5
IP  - 9
DP  - 2011 Sep 27
TI  - Antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and reduced 
      graphene oxide: membrane and oxidative stress.
PG  - 6971-80
LID - 10.1021/nn202451x [doi]
AB  - Health and environmental impacts of graphene-based materials need to be 
      thoroughly evaluated before their potential applications. Graphene has strong 
      cytotoxicity toward bacteria. To better understand its antimicrobial mechanism, 
      we compared the antibacterial activity of four types of graphene-based materials 
      (graphite (Gt), graphite oxide (GtO), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene 
      oxide (rGO)) toward a bacterial model-Escherichia coli. Under similar 
      concentration and incubation conditions, GO dispersion shows the highest 
      antibacterial activity, sequentially followed by rGO, Gt, and GtO. Scanning 
      electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering analyses show that GO 
      aggregates have the smallest average size among the four types of materials. SEM 
      images display that the direct contacts with graphene nanosheets disrupt cell 
      membrane. No superoxide anion (O(2)(*-)) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) 
      production is detected. However, the four types of materials can oxidize 
      glutathione, which serves as redox state mediator in bacteria. Conductive rGO and 
      Gt have higher oxidation capacities than insulating GO and GtO. Results suggest 
      that antimicrobial actions are contributed by both membrane and oxidation stress. 
      We propose that a three-step antimicrobial mechanism, previously used for carbon 
      nanotubes, is applicable to graphene-based materials. It includes initial cell 
      deposition on graphene-based materials, membrane stress caused by direct contact 
      with sharp nanosheets, and the ensuing superoxide anion-independent oxidation. We 
      envision that physicochemical properties of graphene-based materials, such as 
      density of functional groups, size, and conductivity, can be precisely tailored 
      to either reducing their health and environmental risks or increasing their 
      application potentials.
CI  - (c) 2011 American Chemical Society
FAU - Liu, Shaobin
AU  - Liu S
AD  - School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 
      Singapore 637459.
FAU - Zeng, Tingying Helen
AU  - Zeng TH
FAU - Hofmann, Mario
AU  - Hofmann M
FAU - Burcombe, Ehdi
AU  - Burcombe E
FAU - Wei, Jun
AU  - Wei J
FAU - Jiang, Rongrong
AU  - Jiang R
FAU - Kong, Jing
AU  - Kong J
FAU - Chen, Yuan
AU  - Chen Y
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20110824
PL  - United States
TA  - ACS Nano
JT  - ACS nano
JID - 101313589
RN  - 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
RN  - 0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
RN  - 7782-42-5 (Graphite)
RN  - GAN16C9B8O (Glutathione)
SB  - IM
MH  - Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology
MH  - Cell Membrane/*drug effects
MH  - Escherichia coli/drug effects
MH  - Glutathione/metabolism
MH  - Graphite/*pharmacology
MH  - Light
MH  - Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
MH  - Oxidative Stress/*drug effects
MH  - Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
MH  - Scattering, Radiation
EDAT- 2011/08/20 06:00
MHDA- 2012/01/26 06:00
CRDT- 2011/08/20 06:00
PHST- 2011/08/20 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/08/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/01/26 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1021/nn202451x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - ACS Nano. 2011 Sep 27;5(9):6971-80. doi: 10.1021/nn202451x. Epub 2011 Aug 24.