PMID- 21899849
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120509
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1873-3778 (Electronic)
IS  - 0021-9673 (Linking)
VI  - 1232
DP  - 2012 Apr 6
TI  - Electromembrane extraction of stimulating drugs from undiluted whole blood.
PG  - 27-36
LID - 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.058 [doi]
AB  - For the first time, electromembrane extraction (EME) of six basic drugs of abuse 
      from undiluted whole blood and post mortem blood in a totally stagnant system is 
      reported. Cathinone, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDA), 
      3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphet-amine (MDMA), ketamine and 
      2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) were extracted from the whole blood sample, 
      through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) consisting of 1-ethyl-2-nitrobenzene 
      (ENB) immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber, and into an aqueous acceptor 
      solution inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. The SLM acts as a barrier with 
      efficient exclusion of all macromolecules and acidic substances in the sample. 
      Due to the application of the electrical field, only the cationic compounds of 
      interest are extracted efficiently across the membrane, thus providing extremely 
      clean extracts for analysis with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS. 
      Recoveries in the range 10-30% were obtained from 80 mul whole blood within 5 min 
      extraction time and an applied voltage of 15V across the SLM. The optimized 
      technique was tested on real forensic whole blood samples taken from three 
      forensic autopsy cases and on five forensic whole blood samples from living 
      persons. The results were in agreement with the analysis using standard sample 
      preparation methods (liquid-liquid extraction) performed on the same samples by 
      Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Division of Forensic Toxicology and 
      Drug Abuse Research. Evaluation data were acceptable, with limit of detections 
      (LODs) in the range 40-2610 pg/mL, well below concentrations associated with drug 
      abuse; linearites in the range between 10 and 250 ng/mL with r(2) values above 
      0.9939, and with repeatability (RSD) of 7-32%.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Jamt, Ragnhild Elen Gjulem
AU  - Jamt RE
AD  - School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of 
      Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Gjelstad, Astrid
AU  - Gjelstad A
FAU - Eibak, Lars Erik Eng
AU  - Eibak LE
FAU - Oiestad, Elisabeth Leere
AU  - Oiestad EL
FAU - Christophersen, Asbjorg Solberg
AU  - Christophersen AS
FAU - Rasmussen, Knut Einar
AU  - Rasmussen KE
FAU - Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig
AU  - Pedersen-Bjergaard S
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20110825
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - J Chromatogr A
JT  - Journal of chromatography. A
JID - 9318488
RN  - 0 (Alkaloids)
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Membranes, Artificial)
RN  - 540EI4406J (cathinone)
RN  - 690G0D6V8H (Ketamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Alkaloids/blood/isolation & purification
MH  - Amphetamines/*blood/isolation & purification
MH  - Chemical Fractionation/*methods
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
MH  - Electrochemical Techniques
MH  - Equipment Design
MH  - Forensic Medicine
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*blood/isolation & purification
MH  - Ketamine/blood/isolation & purification
MH  - Limit of Detection
MH  - Membranes, Artificial
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
EDAT- 2011/09/09 06:00
MHDA- 2012/05/10 06:00
CRDT- 2011/09/09 06:00
PHST- 2011/06/14 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2011/08/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2011/08/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2011/09/09 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/09/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/05/10 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0021-9673(11)01268-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.058 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Chromatogr A. 2012 Apr 6;1232:27-36. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.058. Epub 
      2011 Aug 25.