PMID- 21906501
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120125
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1938-4114 (Electronic)
IS  - 1937-1888 (Linking)
VI  - 72
IP  - 5
DP  - 2011 Sep
TI  - Marked decline in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) based on wastewater 
      analysis.
PG  - 737-40
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Recent reports in Europe suggest a decline in 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) use, but quantifiable and 
      objective measurement is unavailable. The global extent of changes in MDMA and 
      related stimulant use is also unclear. This study aims to quantify changes in 
      MDMA use in Australia and determine whether these changes have been accompanied 
      by differing amounts of other stimulant use. METHOD: We acquired information on 
      recent use of MDMA and related illicit stimulants in Australia using the method 
      of wastewater analysis. Untreated wastewater samples collected from three 
      metropolitan treatment plants in Adelaide from May to July 2009 and the same 
      months in 2010 were analyzed. Concentrations of MDMA, methamphetamine, and 
      benzoylecgonine (a metabolite of cocaine) were determined using solid phase 
      extraction-liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. Weekly consumed doses 
      of MDMA, methamphetamine, and cocaine per 1,000 people were estimated. RESULTS: 
      From 2009 to 2010, weekly consumption of MDMA decreased from mean of 4.52 (SEM = 
      0.74) doses/week per 1,000 people to 0.08 (0.01) doses/week per 1,000 people (p < 
      .001); weekly consumption of methamphetamine increased from a mean of 48.35 
      (6.13) doses/week per 1,000 people to 68.13 (5.33) doses/week per 1,000 people (p 
      < .05); and weekly consumed doses of cocaine did not significantly change. Local 
      roadside saliva testing data also showed that the MDMA-positive test rate 
      decreased from 0.30% to 0.05% and the methamphetamine-positive test rate 
      increased from 1.43% to 1.52% during the past 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: This study 
      shows a 50-fold decrease in consumed doses of MDMA with a rise in methamphetamine 
      use in Australia over a 1-year period.
FAU - Chen, Chang
AU  - Chen C
AD  - Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. 
      chang.chen@adelaide.edu.au
FAU - Kostakis, Chris
AU  - Kostakis C
FAU - Harpas, Peter
AU  - Harpas P
FAU - Felgate, Peter D
AU  - Felgate PD
FAU - Irvine, Rodney J
AU  - Irvine RJ
FAU - White, Jason M
AU  - White JM
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - J Stud Alcohol Drugs
JT  - Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs
JID - 101295847
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - 5353I8I6YS (benzoylecgonine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Australia/epidemiology
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
MH  - Cocaine/analogs & derivatives/analysis
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis/metabolism
MH  - Methamphetamine/analysis
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/*analysis
MH  - *Population Surveillance
MH  - Saliva/chemistry
MH  - Solid Phase Extraction
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Urban Health
MH  - *Waste Disposal, Fluid
MH  - Water Supply/*analysis
EDAT- 2011/09/13 06:00
MHDA- 2012/01/26 06:00
CRDT- 2011/09/13 06:00
PHST- 2011/09/13 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/09/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/01/26 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.15288/jsad.2011.72.737 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2011 Sep;72(5):737-40. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2011.72.737.