PMID- 21931546
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120130
LR  - 20231105
IS  - 1553-7374 (Electronic)
IS  - 1553-7366 (Linking)
VI  - 7
IP  - 9
DP  - 2011 Sep
TI  - Discovery of the first insect nidovirus, a missing evolutionary link in the 
      emergence of the largest RNA virus genomes.
PG  - e1002215
LID - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002215 [doi]
AB  - Nidoviruses with large genomes (26.3-31.7 kb; 'large nidoviruses'), including 
      Coronaviridae and Roniviridae, are the most complex positive-sense 
      single-stranded RNA (ssRNA+) viruses. Based on genome size, they are far 
      separated from all other ssRNA+ viruses (below 19.6 kb), including the distantly 
      related Arteriviridae (12.7-15.7 kb; 'small nidoviruses'). Exceptionally for 
      ssRNA+ viruses, large nidoviruses encode a 3'-5'exoribonuclease (ExoN) that was 
      implicated in controlling RNA replication fidelity. Its acquisition may have 
      given rise to the ancestor of large nidoviruses, a hypothesis for which we here 
      provide evolutionary support using comparative genomics involving the newly 
      discovered first insect-borne nidovirus. This Nam Dinh virus (NDiV), named after 
      a Vietnamese province, was isolated from mosquitoes and is yet to be linked to 
      any pathology. The genome of this enveloped 60-80 nm virus is 20,192 nt and has a 
      nidovirus-like polycistronic organization including two large, partially 
      overlapping open reading frames (ORF) 1a and 1b followed by several smaller 
      3'-proximal ORFs. Peptide sequencing assigned three virion proteins to ORFs 2a, 
      2b, and 3, which are expressed from two 3'-coterminal subgenomic RNAs. The NDiV 
      ORF1a/ORF1b frameshifting signal and various replicative proteins were 
      tentatively mapped to canonical positions in the nidovirus genome. They include 
      six nidovirus-wide conserved replicase domains, as well as the ExoN and 
      2'-O-methyltransferase that are specific to large nidoviruses. NDiV ORF1b also 
      encodes a putative N7-methyltransferase, identified in a subset of large 
      nidoviruses, but not the uridylate-specific endonuclease that - in deviation from 
      the current paradigm - is present exclusively in the currently known vertebrate 
      nidoviruses. Rooted phylogenetic inference by Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood 
      methods indicates that NDiV clusters with roniviruses and that its branch 
      diverged from large nidoviruses early after they split from small nidoviruses. 
      Together these characteristics identify NDiV as the prototype of a new nidovirus 
      family and a missing link in the transition from small to large nidoviruses.
FAU - Nga, Phan Thi
AU  - Nga PT
AD  - Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, 
      Vietnam.
FAU - Parquet, Maria del Carmen
AU  - Parquet Mdel C
FAU - Lauber, Chris
AU  - Lauber C
FAU - Parida, Manmohan
AU  - Parida M
FAU - Nabeshima, Takeshi
AU  - Nabeshima T
FAU - Yu, Fuxun
AU  - Yu F
FAU - Thuy, Nguyen Thanh
AU  - Thuy NT
FAU - Inoue, Shingo
AU  - Inoue S
FAU - Ito, Takashi
AU  - Ito T
FAU - Okamoto, Kenta
AU  - Okamoto K
FAU - Ichinose, Akitoyo
AU  - Ichinose A
FAU - Snijder, Eric J
AU  - Snijder EJ
FAU - Morita, Kouichi
AU  - Morita K
FAU - Gorbalenya, Alexander E
AU  - Gorbalenya AE
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20110908
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS Pathog
JT  - PLoS pathogens
JID - 101238921
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
RN  - EC 3.1.- (Exoribonucleases)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amino Acid Sequence
MH  - Animals
MH  - Base Sequence
MH  - *Biological Evolution
MH  - Cell Line
MH  - Cloning, Molecular
MH  - Computational Biology
MH  - Culex/*virology
MH  - Exons
MH  - Exoribonucleases/genetics
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
MH  - Genes, Viral
MH  - Genome Size
MH  - Molecular Sequence Data
MH  - Nidovirales/*classification/*genetics/physiology
MH  - Nucleic Acid Conformation
MH  - Open Reading Frames/genetics
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - RNA, Viral/*genetics
MH  - Sequence Alignment
MH  - Sequence Analysis, DNA
MH  - Vietnam
MH  - Virus Replication
PMC - PMC3169540
EDAT- 2011/09/21 06:00
MHDA- 2012/01/31 06:00
CRDT- 2011/09/21 06:00
PHST- 2011/03/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2011/06/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2011/09/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/09/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/01/31 06:00 [medline]
AID - PPATHOGENS-D-11-00548 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002215 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - PLoS Pathog. 2011 Sep;7(9):e1002215. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002215. Epub 2011 
      Sep 8.