PMID- 21960665
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120424
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1092-874X (Electronic)
IS  - 1091-5818 (Linking)
VI  - 30
IP  - 6
DP  - 2011 Dec
TI  - Learning and memory impairment induced by salvinorin A, the principal ingredient 
      of Salvia divinorum, in wistar rats.
PG  - 650-61
LID - 10.1177/1091581811418538 [doi]
AB  - The effects of salvinorin A (Salvia divinorum principal ingredient), a potent 
      kappa-opioid natural hallucinogen, on learning and memory were investigated. Wistar 
      rats were tested in the 8-arm radial maze, for object recognition and passive 
      avoidance tasks for spatial, episodic, and aversive memory. Attention was 
      assessed using a latent inhibition task. Salvinorin A (80-640 mug/kg subcutaneous 
      [sc]) did not affect short-term memory, but it impaired spatial long-term memory. 
      Episodic and aversive memories were impaired by salvinorin A (160-640 mug/kg). 
      Memory impairment was blocked by the selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, 
      nor-binaltorphimine ([nor-B]; 0.5-1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [ip]). Salvinorin A 
      (160 mug/kg) disrupted latent inhibition, after LiCl treatment, such as reduced 
      sucrose intake, suggesting an attention would result in an impairment of 
      cognitive behavior. These findings demonstrate for the first time that salvinorin 
      A has deleterious effects on learning and memory, through a kappa-opioid receptor 
      mechanism.
FAU - Braida, Daniela
AU  - Braida D
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, Universita degli 
      Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
FAU - Donzelli, Andrea
AU  - Donzelli A
FAU - Martucci, Roberta
AU  - Martucci R
FAU - Capurro, Valeria
AU  - Capurro V
FAU - Sala, Mariaelvina
AU  - Sala M
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20110929
PL  - United States
TA  - Int J Toxicol
JT  - International journal of toxicology
JID - 9708436
RN  - 0 (Diterpenes, Clerodane)
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 0 (Narcotic Antagonists)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Opioid, kappa)
RN  - 36OOQ86QM1 (norbinaltorphimine)
RN  - 5S6W795CQM (Naltrexone)
RN  - T56W91NG6J (salvinorin A)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Attention/drug effects
MH  - Avoidance Learning/drug effects
MH  - Diterpenes, Clerodane/*toxicity
MH  - Hallucinogens/*toxicity
MH  - Inhibition, Psychological
MH  - Learning/*drug effects
MH  - Male
MH  - Maze Learning/drug effects
MH  - Memory, Long-Term/*drug effects
MH  - Motor Activity/drug effects
MH  - Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
MH  - Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
MH  - Rats
MH  - Rats, Wistar
MH  - Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
MH  - Recognition, Psychology
MH  - Salvia
EDAT- 2011/10/01 06:00
MHDA- 2012/04/25 06:00
CRDT- 2011/10/01 06:00
PHST- 2011/10/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/10/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/04/25 06:00 [medline]
AID - 1091581811418538 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/1091581811418538 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Toxicol. 2011 Dec;30(6):650-61. doi: 10.1177/1091581811418538. Epub 2011 
      Sep 29.