PMID- 22025673
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120213
LR  - 20220410
IS  - 1098-5549 (Electronic)
IS  - 0270-7306 (Print)
IS  - 0270-7306 (Linking)
VI  - 32
IP  - 1
DP  - 2012 Jan
TI  - Role of AMPK-mTOR-Ulk1/2 in the regulation of autophagy: cross talk, shortcuts, 
      and feedbacks.
PG  - 2-11
LID - 10.1128/MCB.06159-11 [doi]
AB  - Living cells are adaptive self-sustaining systems. They strictly depend on the 
      sufficient supply of oxygen, energy, and nutrients from the outside in order to 
      sustain their internal organization. However, as autonomous entities they are 
      able to monitor and appropriately adapt to any critical fluctuation in their 
      environment. In the case of insufficient external nutrient supply or augmented 
      energy demands, cells start to extensively digest their own interior. This 
      process, known as macroautophagy, comprises the transport of cytosolic portions 
      and entire organelles to the lysosomal compartment via specific double-membrane 
      vesicles, called autophagosomes. Although extensively upregulated under nutrient 
      restriction, a low level of basal autophagy is likewise crucial in order to 
      sustain the cellular homeostasis. On the other hand, cells have to avoid 
      excessive and enduring self-digestion. The delicate balance between external 
      energy and nutrient supply and internal production and consumption is a demanding 
      task. The complex protein network that senses and precisely reacts to 
      environmental changes is thus mainly regulated by rapid and reversible 
      posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation. This review focuses on 
      the serine/threonine protein kinases AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian 
      target of rapamycin (mTOR), and unc-51-like kinase 1/2 (Ulk1/2), three 
      interconnected major junctions within the autophagy regulating signaling network.
FAU - Alers, Sebastian
AU  - Alers S
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine I, University Clinic of Tubingen, Tubingen, 
      Germany. sebastian.alers@med.uni-tuebingen.de
FAU - Loffler, Antje S
AU  - Loffler AS
FAU - Wesselborg, Sebastian
AU  - Wesselborg S
FAU - Stork, Bjorn
AU  - Stork B
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20111024
PL  - United States
TA  - Mol Cell Biol
JT  - Molecular and cellular biology
JID - 8109087
RN  - EC 2.7.11.1 (Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases)
RN  - EC 2.7.11.1 (TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases)
RN  - EC 2.7.11.31 (AMP-Activated Protein Kinases)
SB  - IM
MH  - AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Autophagy
MH  - Humans
MH  - Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism
MH  - Signal Transduction
MH  - TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism
PMC - PMC3255710
EDAT- 2011/10/26 06:00
MHDA- 2012/02/14 06:00
PMCR- 2012/07/01
CRDT- 2011/10/26 06:00
PHST- 2011/10/26 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/10/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/02/14 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2012/07/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - MCB.06159-11 [pii]
AID - 6159-11 [pii]
AID - 10.1128/MCB.06159-11 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;32(1):2-11. doi: 10.1128/MCB.06159-11. Epub 2011 Oct 24.