PMID- 22094722
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130805
LR  - 20130125
IS  - 1741-2854 (Electronic)
IS  - 0020-7640 (Linking)
VI  - 59
IP  - 1
DP  - 2013 Feb
TI  - General condition of hikikomori (prolonged social withdrawal) in Japan: 
      psychiatric diagnosis and outcome in mental health welfare centres.
PG  - 79-86
LID - 10.1177/0020764011423611 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: The issue of hikikomori (prolonged social withdrawal) among Japanese 
      youth has attracted attention from international experts. In previous research, 
      the unique cultural and social factors of Japanese society have been the focus; 
      however, in order to resolve the problem of hikikomori, individual mental health 
      problems must be included. AIM: We examined the psychiatric background of 
      individuals with hikikomori. METHODS: We recruited 337 individuals with 
      hikikomori; 183 subjects who utilized the centres were designated as the 
      help-seeking group. We examined the multi-axial psychiatric diagnosis based on 
      the DSM-IV-TR, treatment policies and treatment outcomes. We also examined 154 
      subjects who did not utilize the centers (non-help-seeking group). RESULTS: Most 
      of the subjects in the utilization group were classified into one of the 
      diagnostic categories. Forty-nine (33.3%) subjects were diagnosed with 
      schizophrenia, mood disorders or anxiety disorders, and this group needed 
      pharmacotherapy. Other subjects were diagnosed with personality disorders or 
      pervasive developmental disorders, and they mainly needed psycho-social support. 
      The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores of the non-help-seeking group 
      were significantly lower than the GAF scores of those who used treatments. 
      CONCLUSION: Most hikikomori cases can be diagnosed using current diagnostic 
      criteria. Individuals with hikikomori are much worse if they do not seek help.
FAU - Kondo, Naoji
AU  - Kondo N
AD  - Yamanashi Prefectural Mental Health Welfare Centre, Yamanashi, Japan.
FAU - Sakai, Motohiro
AU  - Sakai M
FAU - Kuroda, Yasukazu
AU  - Kuroda Y
FAU - Kiyota, Yoshikazu
AU  - Kiyota Y
FAU - Kitabata, Yuji
AU  - Kitabata Y
FAU - Kurosawa, Mie
AU  - Kurosawa M
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20111116
PL  - England
TA  - Int J Soc Psychiatry
JT  - The International journal of social psychiatry
JID - 0374726
RN  - 0 (Psychotropic Drugs)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/psychology/therapy
MH  - Combined Modality Therapy
MH  - *Community Mental Health Centers
MH  - Comorbidity
MH  - *Cross-Cultural Comparison
MH  - Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis/psychology/therapy
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Japan
MH  - Male
MH  - Mental Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology/*therapy
MH  - Mood Disorders/diagnosis/psychology/therapy
MH  - Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology
MH  - Patient Care Team
MH  - Personality Assessment
MH  - Personality Disorders/diagnosis/psychology/therapy
MH  - Psychotherapy
MH  - Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use
MH  - Schizophrenia/diagnosis/therapy
MH  - Schizophrenic Psychology
MH  - *Social Isolation
MH  - Social Support
MH  - Young Adult
EDAT- 2011/11/19 06:00
MHDA- 2013/08/06 06:00
CRDT- 2011/11/19 06:00
PHST- 2011/11/19 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/11/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/08/06 06:00 [medline]
AID - 0020764011423611 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/0020764011423611 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;59(1):79-86. doi: 10.1177/0020764011423611. Epub 
      2011 Nov 16.