PMID- 22127804
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20121002
LR  - 20220408
IS  - 1869-6961 (Electronic)
IS  - 1869-6953 (Print)
IS  - 1869-6961 (Linking)
VI  - 2
IP  - 2
DP  - 2011 May
TI  - Incretin-based therapy: a powerful and promising weapon in the treatment of type 
      2 diabetes mellitus.
PG  - 101-21
LID - 10.1007/s13300-011-0002-3 [doi]
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive multisystemic disease that 
      increases significantly cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is associated 
      with obesity, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and hyperglucagonemia, 
      the combination of which typically leads to hyperglycemia. Incretin-based 
      treatment modalities, and in particular glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor 
      agonists, are able to successfully counteract several of the underlying 
      pathophysiological abnormalities of T2DM. The pancreatic effects of GLP-1 
      receptor agonists include glucose-lowering effects by stimulating insulin 
      secretion and inhibiting glucagon release in a strictly glucose-dependent manner, 
      increased beta-cell proliferation, and decreased beta-cell apoptosis. GLP-1 
      receptors are widely expressed throughout human body; thus, GLP-1-based therapies 
      exert pleiotropic and multisystemic effects that extend far beyond pancreatic 
      islets. A large body of experimental and clinical data have suggested a 
      considerable protective role of GLP-1 analogs in the cardiovascular system 
      (decreased blood pressure, improved endothelial and myocardial function, 
      functional recovery of failing and ischemic heart, arterial vasodilatation), 
      kidneys (increased diuresis and natriuresis), gastrointestinal tract (delayed 
      gastric emptying, reduced gastric acid secretion), and central nervous system 
      (appetite suppression, neuroprotective properties). The pharmacologic use of 
      GLP-1 receptor agonists has been shown to reduce bodyweight and systolic blood 
      pressure, and significantly improve glycemic control and lipid profile. 
      Interestingly, weight reduction induced by GLP-1 analogs reflects mainly loss of 
      abdominal visceral fat. The critical issue of whether the emerging positive 
      cardiometabolic effects of GLP-1 analogs can be translated into better clinical 
      outcomes for diabetic patients in terms of long-term hard endpoints, such as 
      cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, remains to be elucidated with 
      prospective, large-scale clinical trials.
FAU - Koliaki, Chrysi
AU  - Koliaki C
AD  - Endocrine Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, Research 
      Institute and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
FAU - Doupis, John
AU  - Doupis J
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20110228
PL  - United States
TA  - Diabetes Ther
JT  - Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related 
      disorders
JID - 101539025
PMC - PMC3144767
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - GLP-1 analogs
OT  - GLP-1 receptor agonists
OT  - glucagon-like peptide 1
OT  - glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor
OT  - incretins
OT  - pleiotropic effects
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
EDAT- 2011/12/01 06:00
MHDA- 2011/12/01 06:01
PMCR- 2011/02/28
CRDT- 2011/12/01 06:00
PHST- 2010/12/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2011/12/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/12/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2011/12/01 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2011/02/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 2 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s13300-011-0002-3 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Diabetes Ther. 2011 May;2(2):101-21. doi: 10.1007/s13300-011-0002-3. Epub 2011 
      Feb 28.