PMID- 22154249
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120730
LR  - 20220408
IS  - 1873-1716 (Electronic)
IS  - 0167-5877 (Linking)
VI  - 104
IP  - 3-4
DP  - 2012 May 1
TI  - Efficient surveillance of pig populations using oral fluids.
PG  - 292-300
LID - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.11.008 [doi]
AB  - Currently virus surveillance in swine herds is constrained by the 
      cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. The objective of this 
      study was to assess the value of using oral fluids collected by barn personnel as 
      a method of surveillance based on PCR testing. Approximately 12,150 pigs in 10 
      wean-to-finish barns on 10 farms were monitored for the presence of porcine 
      circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 
      (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), and Torque teno virus genogroups 1 (TTV1) and 2 
      (TTV2) by sampling oral fluid specimens. Oral fluid samples were collected from 6 
      pens at each site starting at the time of pig placement ( approximately 3 weeks of age) and 
      continuing thereafter at 2-week intervals for a period of 18 weeks. Data were 
      analyzed both on a pen basis and barn basis. Overall, 508 (85%) samples were 
      positive for PCV2, 73 (12%) for PRRSV, 46 (8%) for IAV, 483 (81%) for TTV2, and 
      155 (26%) for TTV1 during the study period. The estimated arithmetic means of the 
      quantitative PCR-positive oral fluids for PCV2, PRRSV, and IAV were 1x10(4.62), 
      1x10(4.97), and 1x10(5.49)per ml. With a single exception, all barns were 
      positive for PCV2 and TTV2 at every sampling point in the study. Virus detection 
      varied among barns, particularly for IAV and PRRSV. The pen level, cumulative 
      distribution of agent combinations between all 10 barns were statistically 
      different. The most commonly observed patterns were PCV2+TTV2 (239 pen samples, 
      40%), PCV2+TTV1+TTV2 (88 pen samples, 15%), and PCV2 alone (66 pen samples, 11%). 
      This "proof-of-concept" project showed that a variety of viruses could be 
      detected either intermittently or continuously in pig populations and 
      demonstrated that barn herd virus status is highly variable, even among barns in 
      the same production system. Oral fluid sampling is a promising approach for 
      increasing the efficiency and cost effectiveness of virus surveillance in swine 
      herds.
CI  - Copyright A(c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Ramirez, Alejandro
AU  - Ramirez A
AD  - Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of 
      Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. 
      ramireza@iastate.edu
FAU - Wang, Chong
AU  - Wang C
FAU - Prickett, John R
AU  - Prickett JR
FAU - Pogranichniy, Roman
AU  - Pogranichniy R
FAU - Yoon, Kyoung-Jin
AU  - Yoon KJ
FAU - Main, Rodger
AU  - Main R
FAU - Johnson, John K
AU  - Johnson JK
FAU - Rademacher, Chris
AU  - Rademacher C
FAU - Hoogland, Marlin
AU  - Hoogland M
FAU - Hoffmann, Patrick
AU  - Hoffmann P
FAU - Kurtz, Anne
AU  - Kurtz A
FAU - Kurtz, Ernest
AU  - Kurtz E
FAU - Zimmerman, Jeffrey
AU  - Zimmerman J
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20111210
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Prev Vet Med
JT  - Preventive veterinary medicine
JID - 8217463
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antibodies, Viral/blood
MH  - Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology/veterinary
MH  - Circovirus/immunology/*isolation & purification
MH  - DNA Virus Infections/epidemiology/veterinary
MH  - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
MH  - Influenza A virus/immunology/*isolation & purification
MH  - Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/veterinary
MH  - Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
MH  - Population Surveillance/*methods
MH  - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology
MH  - Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology/*isolation & 
      purification
MH  - Saliva/virology
MH  - Survival Analysis
MH  - Swine/blood
MH  - Swine Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*virology
MH  - Torque teno virus/immunology/*isolation & purification
MH  - United States/epidemiology
EDAT- 2011/12/14 06:00
MHDA- 2012/07/31 06:00
CRDT- 2011/12/14 06:00
PHST- 2011/03/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2011/11/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2011/11/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2011/12/14 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/12/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/07/31 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0167-5877(11)00353-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.11.008 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Prev Vet Med. 2012 May 1;104(3-4):292-300. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.11.008. 
      Epub 2011 Dec 10.