PMID- 22168811
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120716
LR  - 20220318
IS  - 1557-7600 (Electronic)
IS  - 1096-620X (Print)
IS  - 1096-620X (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 4
DP  - 2012 Apr
TI  - Effects of natural eggshell membrane (NEM) on cytokine production in cultures of 
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells: increased suppression of tumor necrosis 
      factor-alpha levels after in vitro digestion.
PG  - 360-8
LID - 10.1089/jmf.2011.0197 [doi]
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays an important role in inflammatory 
      processes. This study examined the effects of natural eggshell membrane (NEM((R))) 
      (ESM Technologies, LLC, Carthage, MO, USA) on interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, 
      IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and TNF-alpha cytokine production by 4-day peripheral 
      blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures exposed to serial dilutions of either an 
      aqueous extract of natural eggshell membrane (NEM-AQ) or NEM subjected to in 
      vitro digestion (NEM-IVD). The effects on cytokine production were also assessed 
      in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) where 
      exposure to NEM-AQ resulted in reduced levels of proliferation and statistically 
      significant effects on IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha cytokine production. NEM-AQ 
      reduced levels of IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha in cultures exposed to PHA. In 
      cultures containing PWM, NEM-AQ reduced production of IL-10 and at the highest 
      dose tested increased IL-6 and decreased TNF-alpha cytokine levels. NEM-IVD, at the 
      two lowest concentrations of product, significantly reduced TNF-alpha production by 
      PBMC cultures exposed to PWM compared with the in vitro digest control or native 
      NEM. Taken together, these results suggest that NEM-AQ can influence signaling 
      events in response to the T cell-specific mitogen PHA as well as to the mitogen 
      PWM that require cellular cross-talk and that these effects may be partially 
      mediated through a reduction in level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. The 
      suppression of TNF-alpha production in the presence of NEM-IVD is promising for the 
      use of NEM as a consumable anti-inflammatory product.
FAU - Benson, Kathleen F
AU  - Benson KF
AD  - NIS Labs , Klamath Falls, Oregon, USA.
FAU - Ruff, Kevin J
AU  - Ruff KJ
FAU - Jensen, Gitte S
AU  - Jensen GS
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20111214
PL  - United States
TA  - J Med Food
JT  - Journal of medicinal food
JID - 9812512
RN  - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents)
RN  - 0 (Immunologic Factors)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-2)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-6)
RN  - 0 (Phytohemagglutinins)
RN  - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
RN  - 130068-27-8 (Interleukin-10)
RN  - 207137-56-2 (Interleukin-4)
RN  - 82115-62-6 (Interferon-gamma)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology
MH  - Cell Proliferation
MH  - Cells, Cultured
MH  - Egg Shell/*chemistry
MH  - Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immunologic Factors/*biosynthesis
MH  - Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
MH  - Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
MH  - Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
MH  - Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
MH  - Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
MH  - Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*drug effects/*metabolism
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology
MH  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*antagonists & inhibitors/blood
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC3308710
EDAT- 2011/12/16 06:00
MHDA- 2012/07/17 06:00
PMCR- 2012/04/01
CRDT- 2011/12/16 06:00
PHST- 2011/12/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/12/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/07/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2012/04/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1089/jmf.2011.0197 [pii]
AID - 10.1089/jmf.2011.0197 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Med Food. 2012 Apr;15(4):360-8. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0197. Epub 2011 Dec 14.