PMID- 22280921
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120607
LR  - 20181201
IS  - 1873-6750 (Electronic)
IS  - 0160-4120 (Linking)
VI  - 40
DP  - 2012 Apr
TI  - Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and 
      biosolids.
PG  - 1-7
LID - S0160-4120(11)00265-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008 [doi]
AB  - As polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) face increasing restrictions worldwide, 
      several alternate flame retardants are expected to see increased use as 
      replacement compounds in consumer products. Chemical analysis of biosolids 
      collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can help determine whether 
      these flame retardants are migrating from the indoor environment to the outdoor 
      environment, where little is known about their ultimate fate and effects. The 
      objective of this study was to measure concentrations of a suite of flame 
      retardants, and the antimicrobial compound triclosan, in opportunistic samples of 
      municipal biosolids and the domestic sludge Standard Reference Material (SRM) 
      2781. Grab samples of biosolids were collected from two WWTPs in North Carolina 
      and two in California. Biosolids samples were also obtained during three 
      subsequent collection events at one of the North Carolina WWTPs to evaluate 
      fluctuations in contaminant levels within a given facility over a period of three 
      years. The biosolids and SRM 2781 were analyzed for PBDEs, hexabromobenzene 
      (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 2-ethylhexyl 
      2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate 
      (TBPH), the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-isomers), 
      and the antimicrobial agent 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan). 
      PBDEs were detected in every sample analyzed, and SigmaPBDE concentrations ranged 
      from 1750 to 6358ng/g dry weight. Additionally, the PBDE replacement chemicals 
      TBB and TBPH were detected at concentrations ranging from 120 to 3749 ng/g dry 
      weight and from 206 to 1631 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Triclosan 
      concentrations ranged from 490 to 13,866 ng/g dry weight. The detection of these 
      contaminants of emerging concern in biosolids suggests that these chemicals have 
      the potential to migrate out of consumer products and enter the outdoor 
      environment.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Davis, Elizabeth F
AU  - Davis EF
AD  - Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 
      27708, USA.
FAU - Klosterhaus, Susan L
AU  - Klosterhaus SL
AD  - San Francisco Estuary Institute, 7770 Pardee Lane, Oakland, CA 94621, USA.
FAU - Stapleton, Heather M
AU  - Stapleton HM
AD  - Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 
      27708, USA. Electronic address: heather.stapleton@duke.edu.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20111227
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Int
JT  - Environment international
JID - 7807270
RN  - 0 (Anti-Infective Agents, Local)
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Sewage)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 4NM5039Y5X (Triclosan)
SB  - IM
MH  - Anti-Infective Agents, Local/analysis
MH  - California
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Flame Retardants/*analysis
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*analysis
MH  - North Carolina
MH  - Sewage/*chemistry
MH  - Triclosan/*analysis
MH  - Waste Disposal, Fluid
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
EDAT- 2012/01/28 06:00
MHDA- 2012/06/08 06:00
CRDT- 2012/01/28 06:00
PHST- 2011/07/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2011/11/18 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2011/11/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/01/28 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/01/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/06/08 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0160-4120(11)00265-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Int. 2012 Apr;40:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.008. Epub 2011 Dec 
      27.