PMID- 22300051
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120904
LR  - 20190823
IS  - 1875-533X (Electronic)
IS  - 0929-8673 (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 8
DP  - 2012
TI  - Molecular pathways involved in the early and late damage induced by testis 
      ischemia: evidence for a rational pharmacological modulation.
PG  - 1219-24
AB  - Testicular torsion or torsion of the spermatic cord is a surgical emergency in 
      which misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment can lead to male infertility. 
      Events occurring during testicular torsion and detorsion are representative of an 
      ischemia-reperfusion injury observed in other organs. The two most important 
      factors determining testicular damage are the degree of twisting and the early 
      onset of a surgical treatment to counter-rotate both testis and spermatic cord 
      for inducing reperfusion. The damage from reperfusion is more severe than that 
      induced by ischemia and several mechanisms are implicated in the development of 
      testicular damage following torsion and detorsion. However, these mechanisms have 
      not yet been fully clarified and, as a consequence, there is still a strong need 
      to identify specific pharmacological treatment to limit the damage triggered by 
      the reperfusion procedures. Ischemia and reperfusion of testis result in elevated 
      production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activate mitogen activated protein 
      kinases (MAPKs) and PPARbeta/delta receptor, induce transcription factors and growth 
      factors including NF-kappaB and VEGF, trigger apoptotic machinery and induce several 
      inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha and IL-1beta . This pathological cascade is 
      responsible for the testicular atrophy, decreased blood flow and impaired 
      spermatogenesis. Several pharmacological approaches have been characterized as 
      promising therapeutic agents for the management of testicular torsion and may be 
      useful to ameliorate the sequel of this disease.
FAU - Altavilla, D
AU  - Altavilla D
AD  - Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and 
      Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy.
FAU - Romeo, C
AU  - Romeo C
FAU - Squadrito, F
AU  - Squadrito F
FAU - Marini, H
AU  - Marini H
FAU - Morgia, G
AU  - Morgia G
FAU - Antonuccio, P
AU  - Antonuccio P
FAU - Minutoli, L
AU  - Minutoli L
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - United Arab Emirates
TA  - Curr Med Chem
JT  - Current medicinal chemistry
JID - 9440157
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Humans
MH  - Ischemia/*drug therapy/*metabolism/pathology
MH  - Male
MH  - Testis/*drug effects/*metabolism/pathology
EDAT- 2012/02/04 06:00
MHDA- 2012/09/05 06:00
CRDT- 2012/02/04 06:00
PHST- 2011/11/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/01/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2012/01/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/02/04 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/02/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/09/05 06:00 [medline]
AID - CMC-EPUB-20120201-010 [pii]
AID - 10.2174/092986712799320538 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(8):1219-24. doi: 10.2174/092986712799320538.