PMID- 22310820
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120607
LR  - 20240315
IS  - 0971-5916 (Print)
IS  - 0971-5916 (Linking)
VI  - 134
IP  - 6
DP  - 2011 Dec
TI  - Parasitic infections in HIV infected individuals: diagnostic & therapeutic 
      challenges.
PG  - 878-97
LID - 10.4103/0971-5916.92633 [doi]
AB  - After 30 years of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, parasites have 
      been one of the most common opportunistic infections (OIs) and one of the most 
      frequent causes of morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-infected patients. 
      Due to severe immunosuppression, enteric parasitic pathogens in general are 
      emerging and are OIs capable of causing diarrhoeal disease associated with HIV. 
      Of these, Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli are the two most common 
      intestinal protozoan parasites and pose a public health problem in acquired 
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. These are the only two enteric 
      protozoan parasites that remain in the case definition of AIDS till today. 
      Leishmaniasis, strongyloidiasis and toxoplasmosis are the three main 
      opportunistic causes of systemic involvements reported in HIV-infected patients. 
      Of these, toxoplasmosis is the most important parasitic infection associated with 
      the central nervous system. Due to its complexity in nature, toxoplasmosis is the 
      only parasitic disease capable of not only causing focal but also disseminated 
      forms and it has been included in AIDS-defining illnesses (ADI) ever since. With 
      the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), 
      cryptosporidiosis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and 
      toxoplasmosis are among parasitic diseases reported in association with immune 
      reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). This review addresses various 
      aspects of parasitic infections in term of clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic 
      challenges associated with HIV-infection.
FAU - Nissapatorn, Veeranoot
AU  - Nissapatorn V
AD  - Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala 
      Lumpur, Malaysia. veeranoot@um.edu.my
FAU - Sawangjaroen, Nongyao
AU  - Sawangjaroen N
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - India
TA  - Indian J Med Res
JT  - The Indian journal of medical research
JID - 0374701
SB  - IM
MH  - AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/*epidemiology/etiology/*parasitology
MH  - Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/*adverse effects
MH  - HIV Infections/*complications/drug therapy
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/etiology/*pathology
MH  - Protozoan Infections/diagnosis/drug 
      therapy/*epidemiology/parasitology/*physiopathology
MH  - Seroepidemiologic Studies
PMC - PMC3284096
EDAT- 2012/02/09 06:00
MHDA- 2012/06/08 06:00
PMCR- 2011/12/01
CRDT- 2012/02/08 06:00
PHST- 2012/02/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/02/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/06/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2011/12/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - IndianJMedRes_2011_134_6_878_92633 [pii]
AID - IJMR-134-878 [pii]
AID - 10.4103/0971-5916.92633 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Indian J Med Res. 2011 Dec;134(6):878-97. doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.92633.