PMID- 22332087
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120618
LR  - 20230216
IS  - 2156-5376 (Electronic)
IS  - 2161-8313 (Print)
IS  - 2161-8313 (Linking)
VI  - 2
IP  - 6
DP  - 2011 Nov
TI  - Emerging perspectives on essential amino acid metabolism in obesity and the 
      insulin-resistant state.
PG  - 445-56
LID - 10.3945/an.111.000737 [doi]
AB  - Dysregulation of insulin action is most often considered in the context of 
      impaired glucose homeostasis, with the defining feature of diabetes mellitus 
      being elevated blood glucose concentration. Complications arising from the 
      hyperglycemia accompanying frank diabetes are well known and epidemiological 
      studies point to higher risk toward development of metabolic disease in persons 
      with impaired glucose tolerance. Although the central role of proper blood sugar 
      control in maintaining metabolic health is well established, recent developments 
      have begun to shed light on associations between compromised insulin action 
      [obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)] and altered 
      intermediary metabolism of fats and amino acids. For amino acids, changes in 
      blood concentrations of select essential amino acids and their derivatives, in 
      particular BCAA, sulfur amino acids, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, are apparent 
      with obesity and insulin resistance, often before the onset of clinically 
      diagnosed T2DM. This review provides an overview of these changes and places 
      recent observations from metabolomics research into the context of historical 
      reports in the areas of biochemistry and nutritional biology. Based on this 
      synthesis, a model is proposed that links the FFA-rich environment of 
      obesity/insulin resistance and T2DM with diminution of BCAA catabolic enzyme 
      activity, changes in methionine oxidation and cysteine/cystine generation, and 
      tissue redox balance (NADH/NAD+).
FAU - Adams, Sean H
AU  - Adams SH
AD  - Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service Western 
      Human Nutrition Research Center, and Department of Nutrition, University of 
      California, Davis, CA, USA. sean.h.adams@ars.usda.gov
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 DK078328/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01DK078328-02S/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01DK078328-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PT  - Review
DEP - 20111103
PL  - United States
TA  - Adv Nutr
JT  - Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
JID - 101540874
RN  - 0 (Amino Acids, Aromatic)
RN  - 0 (Amino Acids, Sulfur)
RN  - 42HK56048U (Tyrosine)
RN  - 47E5O17Y3R (Phenylalanine)
RN  - 48TCX9A1VT (Cystine)
RN  - AE28F7PNPL (Methionine)
RN  - EC 1.2.4.4 (3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide))
RN  - EC 2.6.1.- (Transaminases)
RN  - EC 2.6.1.42 (branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase)
RN  - K848JZ4886 (Cysteine)
SB  - IM
MH  - 3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)/metabolism
MH  - Amino Acids, Aromatic/*metabolism
MH  - Amino Acids, Sulfur/*metabolism
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cysteine/metabolism
MH  - Cystine/metabolism
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/*metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Insulin Resistance/*physiology
MH  - Methionine/metabolism
MH  - Models, Biological
MH  - Obesity/complications/*metabolism
MH  - Oxidation-Reduction
MH  - Oxidative Stress/physiology
MH  - Phenylalanine/metabolism
MH  - Transaminases/metabolism
MH  - Tyrosine/metabolism
PMC - PMC3226382
COIS- Author disclosures: S. H. Adams, no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2012/02/15 06:00
MHDA- 2012/06/19 06:00
PMCR- 2012/11/01
CRDT- 2012/02/15 06:00
PHST- 2012/02/15 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/02/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/06/19 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2012/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2161-8313(22)00953-X [pii]
AID - 000737 [pii]
AID - 10.3945/an.111.000737 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Adv Nutr. 2011 Nov;2(6):445-56. doi: 10.3945/an.111.000737. Epub 2011 Nov 3.